Particulate matter levels in a South American megacity: the metropolitan area of Lima-Callao, Peru

Silva, Fernando; Rojas, Jhojan P.; Norabuena, Magdalena; Molina, Carolina; Toro, Richard A.; Leiva-Guzmán, Manuel A.

doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6327-2

Cited by 59 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In the city of Lima, PM 2.5 concentrations vary by seasonality based on meteorological conditions. In late autumn and winter (lower temperatures), the gas-particle conversion processes increase the environmental PM 2.5 concentrations [13]. Another possibility is that the virus could be loaded onto the particulate matter (PM), which then acts as a vector for infection spread, extending the persistence of the viral particles in the air, thereby favoring an "indirect" transmission in addition to the direct spread (individual to individual) [5].…”

Section: Several Studies Have Explored the Association Between Sars-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Air Pollution in Lima and the High Incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a Post Hoc Analysis

Vasquez-Apestegui

Parras-Garrido

Tapia

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background Corona virus disease (COVID-19) originated in China in December 2019. Thereafter, a global logarithmic expansion of the cases has occurred. Some countries have a higher rate of infections despite of early implementation of quarantine. Air pollution could be related to the high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the associated case-fatality rates (deaths/cases*100). Lima, Peru has the second highest incidence of COVID-19 in Latin America and it is also one of the cities with highest levels of air pollution in the Region. Methods This study investigated the association of the levels of PM2.5 exposure in the previous years (2010–2016) in 24 districts of Lima with the cases, deaths and case-fatality rates of COVID-19. Results Until June 12, 2020, there were 6,308 deaths and 220,749 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in Peru. In Lima, the total number of COVID-19 deaths in all metropolitan areas was 2,382. The case-fatality rate at the national level was 2.58% and 1.93% in Lima. Higher PM2.5 levels are associated with higher number of cases and deaths of COVID-19. The case-fatality rate (Deaths/cases*100) did not increase with the increase in PM2.5 levels. A higher number of food markets was associated with higher incidence and mortality of COVID-19 (p < 0.01 for both); these associations persisted when cases (r = 0.49; p < 0.01) and deaths (r = 0.58; p < 0.01) were adjusted by the population density. The association of PM2.5 with cases of COVID-19 was maintained after controlling analysis by age, sex and number of food markers. Conclusions the higher rates of COVID-19 in Metropolitan Lima is attributable, among others, to the increased PM2.5 exposure in the previous years after adjusting for age, sex and number of food markets. Reduction of air pollution since a long term perspective, and social distancing are needed to prevent spreads of virus outbreak.

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Section: Several Studies Have Explored the Association Between Sars-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Air Pollution in Lima and the High Incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a Post Hoc Analysis

Vasquez-Apestegui

Parras-Garrido

Tapia

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In Peru, studies of the chemical composition and water-soluble ions from particulate matter are scarce in the scientific literature. For instance, Silva et al [25] studied PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations levels measured from 2010 to 2015 in the Metropolitan area of Lima-Callao. The results showed that PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded the Annual World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds and the national air quality standards (ECA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru)

et al. 2019

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The purpose of this study was to determine PM2.5 mass concentration and the contents of trace elements and water-soluble ions in samples collected inside the Metropolitan area of Huancayo. Four monitoring stations were installed at three urban areas (UNCP, HYO, and CHI) and one rural (IGP). The sampling campaign was carried out from March 2017 to November 2017. The PM2.5 content was determined by gravimetric method, and fifteen trace elements (TE) and seven water-soluble ions were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Datasets were assessed by one ANOVA test to detect significant differences among monitoring station. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for source identification. The mean annual concentration of PM2.5 mass concentrations has ranged (average) from 3.4 to 36.8 µg/m3 (16.6 ± 6.8 µg/m3) for the monitoring stations under study. The annual World Health Organization thresholds and national air quality standards were exceeded. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between most trace elements at urban and rural areas. PCA and HCA illustrated that the most important sources of traces element originated of natural origin (soil re-suspension) and vehicular sources (fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicles tires, wear car components).

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“…We described bacterial community shifts along an altitude gradient from the Upper Rimac zone (1 500 -4 500 msl) to the Middle (300 -1 500 msl) and Lower Rimac zones (0 -300 msl). The Lower Rimac crosses the Lima Metropolitan area, a megacity situated on the hyper-arid Peruvian desert [4,32], being an essential water source for this city.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lima, the capital city of Peru, is the second largest desert city in the world [3]. Its Metropolitan area is inhabited by more than 10 million people creating enormous challenges for environmental and public health [4]. For instance, it has been shown that water quality in Lima is a significant risk factor for pathogenic infections in children [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru

Romero

Calla-Quispe

Castillo-Vilcahuaman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru’s capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. We aim to produce the first characterization of bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens.ResultsWe report a higher diversity in bacterial communities from the Upper and, especially, Middle Rimac compared to the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone). Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river in different proportions. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while an unidentified Leptotrichiaceae (Fusobacteriia) and Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) were the most predominant in the Upper zone. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility, quorum sensing and xenobiotics metabolism. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence natural flavonoids and antibiotics in the Upper Rimac and herbicides in the Lower Rimac.ConclusionsThe dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, but that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues.Ethical approvalThe study did not involve experiments in humans nor animal subjects.

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Particulate matter levels in a South American megacity: the metropolitan area of Lima-Callao, Peru

Cited by 59 publications

References 22 publications

Association Between Air Pollution in Lima and the High Incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a Post Hoc Analysis

Association Between Air Pollution in Lima and the High Incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a Post Hoc Analysis

Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru)

From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru

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