Particulated, Extracted Human Teeth Characterization by SEM–EDX Evaluation as a Biomaterial for Socket Preservation: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of crushed, extracted human teeth and the quantity of biomaterial that can be obtained from this process. A total of 100 human teeth, extracted due to trauma, decay, or periodontal disease, were analyzed. After extraction, all the teeth were classified, measured, and weighed on a microscale. The human teeth were crushed immediately using the Smart Dentin Grinder machine (KometaBio Inc., Cresskill, NJ, USA), a device specially designed for this procedure. The human tooth particles obtained were of 300–1200 microns, obtained by sieving through a special sorting filter, which divided the material into two compartments. The crushed teeth were weighed on a microscale, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation was performed. After processing, 0.25 gr of human teeth produced 1.0 cc of biomaterial. Significant differences in tooth weight were found between the first and second upper molars compared with the lower molars. The chemical composition of the particulate was clearly similar to natural bone. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) analysis of the tooth particles obtained mean results of Ca% 23.42 ± 0.34 and P% 9.51 ± 0.11. Pore size distribution curves expressed the interparticle pore range as one small peak at 0.0053 µm. This result is in accordance with helium gas pycnometer findings; the augmented porosity corresponded to interparticle spaces and only 2.533% corresponded to intraparticle porosity. Autogenous tooth particulate biomaterial made from human extracted teeth may be considered a potential material for bone regeneration due to its chemical composition and the quantity obtained. After grinding the teeth, the resulting material increases in quantity by up to three times its original volume, such that two extracted mandibular lateral incisors teeth will provide a sufficient amount of material to fill four empty mandibular alveoli. The tooth particles present intra and extra pores up to 44.48% after pycnometer evaluation in order to increase the blood supply and support slow resorption of the grafted material, which supports healing and replacement resorption to achieve lamellar bone. After SEM–EDX evaluation, it appears that calcium and phosphates are still present within the collagen components even after the particle cleaning procedures that are conducted before use.

Maintenance of Alveolar Ridge Dimensions Utilizing an Extracted Tooth Dentin Particulate Autograft and Platelet-Rich fibrin: A Retrospective Radiographic Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

“…In an animal experiment, it was shown that mineralized dentin particles present intra and extra pores up to 44.48%. This porosity increases the blood supply and supports slow resorption of the grafted material, thereby supporting healing and replacement resorption to achieve lamellar bone [27]. Interestingly, in the present study, socket grafting with MPDA/PRF resulted in a slight increase in both the buccal and lingual bone heights.…”

Particulated wisdom teeth as an autologous bone substitute for grafting/filling material in bone defects: Case Report

“…Demineralized dentin (4) and Freeze Dried Dentin (5) have been more extensively researched and certainly they have a secure place as graft materials. But the processing of these materials takes place in a laboratory and the extracted teeth are cannot be immediately used.…”

“…With this process the particles need to be additionally conditioned/disinfected with chemicals following special protocol, so the new dentin particles could be inserted in the extraction socket. Calvo-Guirado et al (5) concluded that in this way bone grafts could be considered to be an attractive option due to their autogenous origin and favorable clinical results, which have shown that these materials offered good osteoinductive capacities. The particulate tooth material provides excellent biocompatibility without eliciting an immune response or a foreign material reaction, or infection after it is used.…”

Intraosteal Behavior of Porous Scaffolds: The mCT Raw-Data Analysis as a Tool for Better Understanding

“…Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were: pathogen-free male, with an initial weight of 3.500-4.000 g and aged 26-28 weeks to ensure skeletal maturity and physical closure [23,24]. Ethical approval for the experiment was obtained from the Ethics Committee in Animal Research of the University of Murcia (A13150102).…”