Parto normal e cesária: representações de mulheres que vivenciaram as duas experiências

Abstract

RESUMOO fenômeno do parto existe desde o surgimento da humanidade e representa a finalização do processo pelo qual se garante a perpetuação da espécie.Este estudo objetiva conhecer elementos da representação social acerca do parto na perspectiva de mulheres que vivenciaram partos normal e cirúrgico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e descritiva, a qual utiliza a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico-metodológico. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevista aberta em profundidade com secundíparas atendidas em maternidade pública municipal localizada em Goiânia entre julho e agosto de 2006. A análise se deu pelo software ALCESTE 4.5. Emergiram dois eixos e cinco classes. O que se apreende quanto aos elementos importantes representacionais do parto é sua estruturação em três pilares, um relacionado aos elementos negativos, outro a parte positiva, e o último constituído por aspectos ligados à sua institucionalização. O parto continua sendo visto como uma experiência esperada, única e relevante na vida das mulheres, apesar da manifestação da dor, e a hospitalização buscada como segurança para o processo da parturição.

Vivência do parto normal ou cesáreo: revisão integrativa sobre a percepção de mulheres

“…17 Having information regarding the delivery, having some control over the event and the degree of relaxation are positive perceptions in regards to the childbirth experience. 20 Two other important factors associated with satisfaction are: positive opinions about the healthcare team that assisted them in a careful and caring way, 15,[17][18]21 and the presence of a loved one or birthing attendant. 15,20 Vaginal birth , as an experience beyond the physical, and focusing on their mind, gives women the strength to cope with childbirth, demonstrating confidence in their ability to cope with labor and labor pains.…”

“…[14][15]17,19 Women expressed fear of pain, 16,19 a fear which was enhanced by stories heard outside the hospital about labor pains 18 that, for some, could lead to death. 14 Vaginal birth is perceived as a painful process, 11,17 with pain intensity viewed as greater than expected, 25 even for a short period of time, 21 added to by unexpected and painful procedures that contributed to higher levels of pain, 13,18,24-25 such as amniotomy or the administration of oxytocin to accelerate labor. 12,18,21,25 Discomforts associated with epidural analgesia, episiotomy and the type of delivery (with exception of elective cesarean section), 12,25 the transformation of the woman's body into an object of work, not respecting the woman's role in delivery and reproducing the medical model of care 19,24 also contributed to the negative perception of childbirth.…”

“…The experience of institutionalized vaginal birth was associated with fear, 18,21,25 accompanied by the premonition that something bad would happen during the birth, whether due to the possibility of complications with the baby, or through fear of their own death or the baby's death. [14][15]17,19 Women expressed fear of pain, 16,19 a fear which was enhanced by stories heard outside the hospital about labor pains 18 that, for some, could lead to death.…”

“…10 These women perceive the pain as an intrinsic aspect of the childbirth act, almost as an essence of this process; they changed this experience from painful physical sensations into feelings of motherly love and saw the possibility to fully experience female role-playing as provided by motherhood. 18,21,24 They can deal with the pain using non-pharmacological methods and the minimum use of medication. 10 In relation to caesarean section, the reasons to consider it the best form of childbirth are associated with: absence of labor pains, 11,13,[23][24] avoiding the fear of childbirth, 23 the speed of the procedure, 11 the possibility of having a tubal ligation at the same time, 24 safety for the baby, 11,20 having information and control over the event (when the cesarean section is planned), being an overall pleasant experience and enjoying the child with safety.…”

“…21,24 Childbirth is a thrilling moment of personal growth towards the construction of a new identity, the status of being a mother, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] surrounded by positive feelings often described as joy, happiness and fulfillment. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The satisfaction, preference or advantages associated with vaginal birth, regardless of women's previous experience of childbirth, were found in descriptions like: little suffering, faster recovery, requiring less care, experiencing less pain after delivery, the possibility of returning to daily activities sooner and being discharged from the hospital sooner. 11 , 15,21,24 Other women said that this type of delivery does not present any disadvantages, 11 Analyze the subjective and objective cultural aspects of women from the outskirts of Cuiabá-MT when going through the experience of vaginal birth in public hospitals or those outsourced by the SUS.…”