Passive hemagglutination studies with snake venom and antivenin

Boche, R; Russell, Findlay E.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(68)90031-7

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…But neutralization of lethality does not necessarily correlate with neutralization of specific venom actions [40] and death can occur due to these actions beyond the time frame taken for lethality studies. For this reason in vitro neutralization of the PLA 2 activity; [41], [42], passive agglutination [43], hemolytic activity [44], hemorrhagic activity and ELISA [28], [45] have been substituting the in vivo method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

et al. 2014

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BackgroundSnake bite causes greater mortality than most of the other neglected tropical diseases. Snake antivenom, although effective in minimizing mortality in developed countries, is not equally so in developing countries due to its poor availability in remote snake infested areas as, and when, required. An alternative approach in this direction could be taken by making orally deliverable polyvalent antivenom formulation, preferably under a globally integrated strategy, for using it as a first aid during transit time from remote trauma sites to hospitals.Methodology/Principal FindingsTo address this problem, multiple components of polyvalent antivenom were entrapped in alginate. Structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, swelling study, in vitro pH sensitive release, acid digestion, mucoadhesive property and venom neutralization were studied in in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that alginate retained its mucoadhesive, acid protective and pH sensitive swelling property after entrapping antivenom. After pH dependent release from alginate beads, antivenom (ASVS) significantly neutralized phospholipaseA2 activity, hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lethality of venom. In ex vivo mice intestinal preparation, ASVS was absorbed significantly through the intestine and it inhibited venom lethality which indicated that all the components of antivenom required for neutralization of venom lethality were retained despite absorption across the intestinal layer. Results from in vivo studies indicated that orally delivered ASVS can significantly neutralize venom effects, depicted by protection against lethality, decreased hemotoxicity and renal toxicity caused by russell viper venom.Conclusions/SignificanceAlginate was effective in entrapping all the structural components of ASVS, which on release and intestinal absorption effectively reconstituted the function of antivenom in neutralizing viper and cobra venom. Further research in this direction can strategize to counter such dilemma in snake bite management by promoting control release and oral antivenom rendered as a first aid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

et al. 2014

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“…Passive haemagglutination of sheep red cells sensitised to venom by the bis-diazo benzidine coupling procedure was used to demonstrate both venom and antivenom at high dilutions in a test system but problems included instability of the coupling agent and imprecise end-point determination [14]. More recently a single-bead-based immunofluorescence assay has been developed for the detection of venom with a detection sensitivity of 5–10 ng/mL within a 3 h assay time [15].…”

Section: Biodetection Methods Considered For Use In Venom Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

Theakston

Laing

2014

Toxins

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In many cases of envenoming following snake bite, the snake responsible for the accident remains unidentified; this frequently results in difficulty deciding which antivenom to administer to the systemically-envenomed victim, especially when only monospecific antivenoms are available. Normally the specific diagnosis of snake bite can be conveniently made using clinical and laboratory methods. Where clinical diagnosis depends upon the recognition of specific signs of envenoming in the patient, laboratory diagnosis is based on the changes which occur in envenomed victims including the detection of abnormalities in blood parameters, presence/absence of myoglobinuria, changes in certain enzyme levels, presence/absence of neurotoxic signs and the detection in the blood of specific venom antigens using immunologically-based techniques, such as enzyme immunoassay. It is the latter which is the main subject of this review, together with the application of techniques currently used to objectively assess the effectiveness of new and existing antivenoms, to assess first aid measures, to investigate the possible use of such methods in epidemiological studies, and to detect individual venom components. With this in mind, we have discussed in some detail how such techniques were developed and how they have helped in the treatment of envenoming particularly and in venom research in general.

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“…and, consequently, to improve health vigilance systems and the management of patient. Several immunological techniques have been developed in order to quantitate venom levels in serum after snakebites like immumodiffusion, [10], passive hemagglutination [11],immuno-electrophoresis [12], radioimmunoassay [13], and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [14][15]. This latter method seems to be the most widely used technique for the immunodiagnosis of snakebite because it is simple to perform, reliable, and easily adaptable for clinical use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitation of venom Antigens from Moroccan vipers in serum by using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) toward improving health vigilance systems

et al. 2021

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In the present study an ELISA assay was developed and validated for detection and determination of the concentration of snakes venom in biological samples. Individual component of each venom (Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauretanica) used as immunogen to raise specific rabbit IgGs in order to set up a sandwich-type ELISA. Lower detection limit, linearity, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and reference intervals were determined. The method proved to be simple, specific, reproducible, sensitive (detection limit = 0.5 ng/ml) and the calibration plot was based on linear regression analysis (r = 0.980) between 0.9 and 1000 ng/mL of venom concentration, with a lower limit of quantification of 1.58 ng/mL. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variation ranged from 2,02 to 4.62% and 5.29 to 7.40%, respectively. The specificity of the assay was tested using vipers, cobra and scorpion venom. This method detected venom from all viper species tested without significant cross reactivity with other venoms in the concentration range of 0.9–1000 ng/mL. This ELISA described is sufficiently validated for clinical evaluation. The method is adaptable to other venoms. This is potentially useful for clinical diagnosis of snakebite, to monitor antivenom dose, and consequently to improve the national health monitoring systems.

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Passive hemagglutination studies with snake venom and antivenin

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

Quantitation of venom Antigens from Moroccan vipers in serum by using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) toward improving health vigilance systems

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