Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients

Abstract

In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose-and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.

Freeze‐dried plasma: From damage control resuscitation to coronavirus disease 2019 therapy

“…35 FDP is stable for more than 15 months even under field conditions in Israel, which is categorized in Zone 2 (Mediterranean/Subtropical zone). 27 CC-FDP would have a shelf-life of 2 years as normal FDP when stored at RT [8], although this needs to be confirmed in terms of bioactivities of both hemostatic and immunological factors.…”

“…Additionally, passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma (CCP) is a classical therapeutic option that involves transfusing the acellular portion of blood from donors who recovered to recipients with active infection or who are at risk. 8 COVID-19 CCP has been used therapeutically to treat COVID-19 patients with mixed clinical effectiveness. 9,10 Nevertheless, recent findings do suggest that administration of high-quality CCP early in the disease course confers immediate protective immunity that can persist for months.…”

“…At the same time, the COVID‐19 pandemic has dramatically reduced the national ability to provide blood products for medical care in an emergency, 7 which further highlights the need to secure a stockpile of blood products with long shelf‐lives (e.g., FDP) to be self‐sufficient in a national crisis. Additionally, passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma (CCP) is a classical therapeutic option that involves transfusing the acellular portion of blood from donors who recovered to recipients with active infection or who are at risk 8 . COVID‐19 CCP has been used therapeutically to treat COVID‐19 patients with mixed clinical effectiveness 9,10 .…”

COVID-19 among infants: key clinical features and remaining controversies

“…There are many anecdotes in which different individual or combined treatments have been applied; however, these are insufficient to construct a sense of impact given the lack of control groups, even among retrospective studies. Whereas passive immunity would have theoretical justification, its application in infants lacks sufficient experience [ 172 ].…”