Passive Immunization Delays Disease Outcome in Gilthead Sea Bream Infected With Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa), Despite the Moderate Changes in IgM and IgT Repertoire

Picard‐Sánchez, Amparo; Estensoro, Itziar; Perdiguero, Pedro; Pozo, R. del; Tafalla, Carolina; Piazzon, M. Carla; Sitjà‐Bobadilla, Ariadna

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.581361

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Regretfully, the Ig locus of European sea bass is not completely characterized and the sequences for all V, D, and J genes have not been identified and annotated, appearing in the genome as predicted or similar sequences, as is the case for many fish genomes. However, Ig repertoire analysis has been applied in a few fish models ( 52 , 53 ) including studies with metazoan parasites ( 54 , 55 ). Accordingly, parasitic infections induced a dysregulation of the Ig response characterized by a polyclonal expansion of diverse Ig subsets in trout ( 54 ) and gilthead sea bream ( 55 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Ig repertoire analysis has been applied in a few fish models ( 52 , 53 ) including studies with metazoan parasites ( 54 , 55 ). Accordingly, parasitic infections induced a dysregulation of the Ig response characterized by a polyclonal expansion of diverse Ig subsets in trout ( 54 ) and gilthead sea bream ( 55 ). This condition was interpreted as an immune-evasion strategy elicited by the parasites aiming to dilute parasite-specific antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ceratothoa oestroides Infection in European Sea Bass: Revealing a Long Misunderstood Relationship

et al. 2021

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Ceratothoa oestroides (Cymothoidea, Isopoda) is a generalist crustacean parasite that negatively affects the economic sustainability of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) aquaculture in the North-East Mediterranean. While mortalities are observed in fry and fingerlings, infection in juvenile and adult fish result in approximately 20% growth delay. A transcriptomic analysis (PCR array, RNA-Seq) was performed on organs (tongue, spleen, head kidney, and liver) from infected vs. Ceratothoa-free sea bass fingerlings. Activation of local and systemic immune responses was detected, particularly in the spleen, characterized by the upregulation of cytokines (also in the tongue), a general reshaping of the immunoglobulin (Ig) response and suppression of T-cell mediated responses. Interestingly, starvation and iron transport and metabolism genes were strongly downregulated, suggesting that the parasite feeding strategy is not likely hematophagous. The regulation of genes related to growth impairment and starvation supported the growth delay observed in infected animals. Most differentially expressed (DE) transcripts were exclusive of a specific organ; however, only in the tongue, the difference between infected and uninfected fish was significant. At the attachment/feeding site, the pathways involved in muscle contraction and intercellular junction were the most upregulated, whereas the pathways involved in fibrosis (extracellular matrix organization, collagen formation, and biosynthesis) were downregulated. These results suggest that parasite-inflicted damage is successfully mitigated by the host and characterized by regenerative processes that prevail over the reparative ones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceratothoa oestroides Infection in European Sea Bass: Revealing a Long Misunderstood Relationship

et al. 2021

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“…polyclonal expansion of diverse immunoglobulin subsets of B cells (135). Similarly, in E. leei infections in gilthead seabream a high Ig clonotype diversity was observed, with very few clonotypes expressed more than 50 times (93). This leads to significantly increased antibody titers, a limited proportion of which are parasite-specific antibodies.…”

Section: Immunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The activation of innate factors is necessary to trigger the specific immune response, but in some occasions, it is dampened or delayed and thus does not stop the proliferation and invasion of the parasite, which can prove lethal for the host. In other cases, it is successful and infected fish recover and even acquire resistance to re-infection [see more details in section 6.2 and ( 92 , 93 )]. This acquired response provides possibilities for the control of myxozoan infections in aquaculture settings.…”

Section: General Aspects Of the Innate Immune Response Against Myxozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This protection lasted at least 16 months, and re-infected animals showed higher expression of IgT and IgM together with a post-inflammatory transcriptional profile in the intestine ( 92 ). Levels of parasite-specific IgT were not determined, but immunoglobulin repertoire analysis revealed that certain IgT clonotypes were being overexpressed at the infection site in re-exposed gilthead sea bream, highlighting the importance of this mucosal immunoglobulin in the interaction with this enteric parasite ( 93 ). It is important to point out that, due to the difficulty to standardize infection procedures, some of these results have been extracted from natural infections where animals are under continuous parasite pressure at certain times of the year, whereas others come from a single controlled exposure in the lab.…”

Section: Antiparasitic Strategies and Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.

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Mucosal Immunity in Fish

Salinas

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Fernández-Montero

et al. 2022

Principles of Fish Immunology

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Passive Immunization Delays Disease Outcome in Gilthead Sea Bream Infected With Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa), Despite the Moderate Changes in IgM and IgT Repertoire

Cited by 10 publications

References 69 publications

Ceratothoa oestroides Infection in European Sea Bass: Revealing a Long Misunderstood Relationship

Ceratothoa oestroides Infection in European Sea Bass: Revealing a Long Misunderstood Relationship

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

Mucosal Immunity in Fish

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