Passive sampler derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor air in Bursa, Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure via inhalation

Sari, Mehmet Ferhat; Esen, Fatma; Águila, Daniel Alejandro Córdova Del; Karakuş, Perihan Binnur Kurt

doi:10.1016/j.apr.2020.03.001

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Notably, some PCBs are still inadvertently produced and can be found in paints and other consumer products. − PCBs persist in the environment and are transported over long distances because of their semivolatile nature, and they bioaccumulate and biomagnify in terrestrial food chains. As a result, PCBs are detected in most environmental media, such as indoor and outdoor air, soil, water, sediments, human food, and ultimately the human body . Exposure to PCBs is associated with adverse health effects, for example, immunotoxicity, cancer, − and neurodevelopmental disorders. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Metabolic Pathways of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 Cells Using the Metabolite Profiles of Its Hydroxylated Metabolites

Zhang

Flor

Ruíz

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The characterization of the metabolism of lower chlorinated PCB, such as 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3), is challenging because of the complex metabolite mixtures formed in vitro and in vivo. We performed parallel metabolism studies with PCB3 and its hydroxylated metabolites to characterize the metabolism of PCB3 in HepG2 cells using nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-HRMS). Briefly, HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 10 μM PCB3 or its seven hydroxylated metabolites in DMSO or DMSO alone. Six classes of metabolites were identified with Nt-HRMS in the culture medium exposed to PCB3, including monosubstituted metabolites at the 3′-, 4′-, 3-, and 4-(1,2-shift product) positions and disubstituted metabolites at the 3′,4′-position. 3′,4′-Di-OH-3 (4′-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl), which can be oxidized to a reactive and toxic PCB3 quinone, was a central metabolite that was rapidly methylated. The resulting hydroxylated-methoxylated metabolites underwent further sulfation and, to a lesser extent, glucuronidation. Metabolomic analyses revealed an altered tryptophan metabolism in HepG2 cells following PCB3 exposure. Some PCB3 metabolites were associated with alterations of endogenous metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, vitamin A (retinol) metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. Indepth studies are needed to investigate the toxicities of PCB3 metabolites, especially the 3′,4′-di-OH-3 derivatives identified in this study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Metabolic Pathways of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 Cells Using the Metabolite Profiles of Its Hydroxylated Metabolites

Zhang

Flor

Ruíz

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…PCBs, banned in the 1970s and 1980s were ubiquitous, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and toxic compounds; PCBs were used as coolants, insulating fluids in transformers and capacitors, stabilising additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and as plasticisers in sealants; they are also present in many other applications (Audy et al, 2018;Sari et al, 2020). Some PCBs metabolites are more polar than their parent compounds; therefore, they are easily retained in the tissues and organs of both humans and wildlife, resulting in greater toxicity effects (Hovander et al, 2002).…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenylsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pet cats, the better sentinels for indoor organic pollutants

Ding

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Pets are the most intimate companions of humans, as pets and people share most of their lives indoors. Based on the connections between pet animals, humans, and the environment, pet cats and dogs are often recommended as sentinels for the detection of environmental contaminants and for comorbidity tracking. However, their suitability as sentinels is yet to be established. Persistent organic pollutants and environmental hormones have replaced particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in causing indoor air pollution. This review summarises the differences in the types and concentrations of indoor organic environmental pollutants detected in pet dogs and cats. This includes an analysis of the main exposure routes of different types of pollutants. To identify which of the two pet species are better sentinels, cats and dogs were compared based on their metabolic capacities of various indoor organic pollutants. In addition to PM2.5, a range of organic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), bromophenols, perfluoroalkyl substances, organochlorine pesticides, fungicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalic acid esters, organophosphate pesticides, organophosphorus flame retardants, and melamine have been detected in both dogs and cats. Pets often accumulate PBDEs from dust; however, traces of PBDEs are present in their diet. The indoor pollutant contamination levels in internal cats were generally higher than those in dogs. Cats accumulate organic pollutants associated with indoor environments, but they are sensitive to their toxicity because, unlike dogs, cats cannot metabolise most of the accumulated pollutants. Moreover, cats share similar clinical symptoms of thyroid diseases in humans. Based on the above observations of detection of indoor organic pollutants, it could be said that cats are better sentinels than dogs.

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“…While the concentrations of PCBs in the environment can be attributable to various sources, the indoor concentrations significantly exceed those in outdoor air [ 63 ]. This highlights that PCBs used and released indoors are more persistent and impact human health, as people spend most of their time indoors.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pcbs In the Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to?

Othman

Ismail

Selamat

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial and commercial applications, until they were banned in the late 1970s as a result of their significant environmental pollution. PCBs in the environment gained scientific interest because of their persistence and the potential threats they pose to humans. Traditionally, human exposure to PCBs was linked to dietary ingestion. Inhalational exposure to these contaminants is often overlooked. This review discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices and their associated health impacts. Severe PCB contamination levels have been reported in e-waste recycling areas. The occurrence of high PCB levels, notably in urban and industrial areas, might result from extensive PCB use and intensive human activity. Furthermore, PCB contamination in the indoor environment is ten-fold higher than outdoors, which may present expose risk for humans through the inhalation of contaminated air or through the ingestion of dust. In such settings, the inhalation route may contribute significantly to PCB exposure. The data on human health effects due to PCB inhalation are scarce. More epidemiological studies should be performed to investigate the inhalation dose and response mechanism and to evaluate the health risks. Further studies should also evaluate the health impact of prolonged low-concentration PCB exposure.

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Passive sampler derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor air in Bursa, Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure via inhalation

Cited by 23 publications

References 56 publications

Characterization of the Metabolic Pathways of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 Cells Using the Metabolite Profiles of Its Hydroxylated Metabolites

Characterization of the Metabolic Pathways of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 Cells Using the Metabolite Profiles of Its Hydroxylated Metabolites

Pet cats, the better sentinels for indoor organic pollutants

A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to?

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