Pathogen-dependent induction of cytokines and other soluble inflammatory mediators during intramammary infection of dairy cows1

Abstract

Mastitis is a highly prevalent and costly disease of dairy cows that is commonly caused by intramammary bacterial infection. The innate immune response to bacterial penetration of the mammary gland is evoked within hours of infection, and the rapidity and magnitude of this response have been demonstrated to influence the resolution of this disease. Cytokines and other mediators of inflammation are known to play critical roles in the innate immune response to intramammary infection. The objectives of this review are to summarize the current understanding of the cytokine response to intramammary infection, highlight recent findings identifying differences in the cytokine response to various bacterial pathogens, and discuss future research directions that will increase our knowledge of the role of inflammatory mediators in predicting and governing the outcome of mastitis.

Innate defense capability of challenged primary bovine mammary epithelial cells after an induced negative energy balance in vivo

“…The energy restric-tion reduced the expression level of TNFα after 24 h in S. aureus treated cells and even more, but without significance, after 72 h. Buitenhuis et al (2011) go in line with our findings. They report up-regulated transcripts of pro-inflammatory genes due to E. coli treatment after 24 h. Lower expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators after S. aureus challenge in our study are also reported in Griesbeck-Zilch et al (2008) and Bannerman (2009). The latter found higher regulation patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokine induced by S. aureus after 1 h by trend.…”

“…This is characteristic for the innate immune system as it is poised to react as the first line defense against invading pathogens in the udder. IL1β and TNFα are the most reactive in the case of inflammation and the most potent to induce systemic immune reaction as far as shock, vascular leakage, and multiorgan failure (Bannerman, 2009). In the control fed group the expression of those cytokines rises up until 72 h seen in both bacteria, but is considerably decreased in the restriction group after 72 h for S. aureus only.…”

“…Furthermore, TNFα is one of the factors to induce apoptosis in the mammary gland (Bannerman, 2009). During mammary inflammation epithelial cells take part in chemotaxis to recruit immune cells by the release of chemoattractants (Haston and Shileds, 1985).…”

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in Kosovo

“…Several causative agents and predisposing factors have been implicated in dairy cows mastitis including bacterial, mycoplasmal and yeast pathogens. A variety of bacterial species are involved with the most common being the Gram positive staphylococci and streptococci and the Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae (Bannerman, 2009). …”

Sladek Z, Rysanek D: CD14 expression, apoptosis and necrosis in resident and inflammatory macrophages from virgin bovine mammary gland

“…Therefore, the question remains, whether we can expect anti-apoptotic effects of CD14 in these macrophages in situ; it also remains to be elucidated whether the longer life expectancy of macrophages in situ is determined by resistance to stimuli that elicit apoptosis of blood monocytes in vitro (Kiener et al 1997). This is very important because in situ macrophages produce both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-12) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) in response to microbial stimuli during intramammary infection of dairy cows (Bannerman 2009). Specifically, the concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α, which significantly affect CD14 expression and thus also apoptosis, are increased within 18 h of experimental intramammary E. coli infection (Shuster et al 1995;Bannerman et al 2004).…”