Pathogenesis-related proteins

Loon, L.C. van

doi:10.1007/bf02418757

Cited by 520 publications

(234 citation statements)

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“…Strain ES4326 rpoN::Km r fails to activate high-level expression of Arabidopsis defense-related genes. The infiltration of Arabidopsis leaves with ES4326 normally leads to the accumulation of mRNAs corresponding to a variety of Arabidopsis defense-related genes, including PR2 (BGL2), GST1, PR5 and PR1, which encode ␤-1,3-glucanase, glutathione S-transferase, a thaumatin-like protein, and a protein with unknown activity, respectively (42,51,52,91). Each of these genes shows a different induction pattern.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HR is accompanied by the induction of defense-related genes (7,91) that are differentially expressed depending on the particular pair of avr and R gene products eliciting the HR (70,72). Defense gene induction also occurs in the absence of the HR during compatible pathogen-host interactions, although usually later and at lower levels than those occurring during an HR (11,32,66).…”

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Virulence of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola Is rpoN Dependent

et al. 2000

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We cloned the rpoN (ntrA and glnF) gene encoding 54 from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain ES4326. The P. syringae ES4326 rpoN gene complemented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes rpoN mutants for a variety of rpoN mutant phenotypes, including the inability to utilize nitrate as sole nitrogen source. DNA sequence analysis of the P. syringae ES4326 rpoN gene revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence was most similar (86% identity; 95% similarity) to the 54 protein encoded by the Pseudomonas putida rpoN gene. A marker exchange protocol was used to construct an ES4326 rpoN insertional mutation, rpoN::Km r . In contrast to wild-type ES4326, ES4326 rpoN::Km r was nonmotile and could not utilize nitrate, urea, C 4 -dicarboxylic acids, several amino acids, or concentrations of ammonia below 2 mM as nitrogen sources. rpoN was essential for production of the phytotoxin coronatine and for expression of the structural genes encoding coronamic acid. In addition, ES4326 rpoN::Km r did not multiply or elicit disease symptoms when infiltrated into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, did not elicit the accumulation of several Arabidopsis defense-related mRNAs, and did not elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) when infiltrated into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Furthermore, whereas P. syringae ES4326 carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2 elicited an HR when infiltrated into Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia leaves, ES4326 rpoN::Km r carrying avrRpt2 elicited no response. Constitutive expression of ES4326 hrpL in ES4326 rpoN::Km r partially restored defense-related mRNA accumulation, showing a direct role for the hrp cluster in host defense gene induction in a compatible host-pathogen interaction. However, constitutive expression of hrpL in ES4326 rpoN::Km r did not restore coronatine production, showing that coronatine biosynthesis requires factors other than hrpL.The rpoN gene encodes the alternate sigma factor 54 , which works in conjunction with the NtrC class of transcriptional activators to control the expression of many genes in response to nutritional and environmental conditions (2, 54). For example, genes involved in nitrogen, hydrogen, and catabolite utilization are frequently regulated by 54 (6, 35, 48, 95). In the case of pathogenic bacteria, rpoN mediates expression of virulence-related factors such as pilin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and flagellin in Vibrio anguillarum (24,61,86).For some phytopathogenic bacteria, rpoN has been implicated indirectly as a regulator of pathogenicity-related genes known as the hrp gene cluster (17, 18). Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain 61, for example, contains a 25-kb hrp cluster consisting of several complementation groups comprising at least 27 genes (8, 26). Several hrp genes encode proteins that have a high degree of homology to components of the type III secretory pathway of Yersinia species which are responsible for translocating Yersinia outer membrane proteins into mammalian cells (13,15,55,83). By analogy, it is ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

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Virulence of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola Is rpoN Dependent

et al. 2000

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“…Since then, further members of the PR protein family have been detected in tobacco as well as in other plant species after infection with various pathogens (for review see Van Loon, 1985). The tobacco PR proteins are grouped into five classes, PR-1-PR-5 (for review see Bol et al, 1990).…”

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The upstream region of the gene for the pathogenesis‐related protein 1 a from tobacco responds to environmental as well as to developmental signals in transgenic plants

Grüner

Pfitzner

1994

European Journal of Biochemistry

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Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) are a heterogeneous group of proteins which are induced in plants by diverse stimuli, e.g. PR proteins are elicited by pathogen attack in the course of the hypersensitive defense reaction of the plant. To examine the regulation of these genes, the 5'-flanking region of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) PR-1 a gene up to position -1533 was isolated from genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Two chimeric gene constructs containing 1533 bp and 906 bp, respectively, of the PR-1 a upstream region fused to the GUS reporter gene were stably integrated into the tobacco genome. All primary transformants exhibited induced expression of the reporter gene after infection of the plants with tobacco mosaic virus or treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. In addition, similar expression of the reporter gene was observed in leaves of adult transgenic plants-without any prior inductive treatments. To study this phenomenon in more detail, the F1 progeny of independent transgenic lines were monitored during the ontogeny of the plants. In normally developing tobacco plants, strong GUS activities were typically detected approximately 12 weeks after germination in the lowest leaves of vegetative plants. When successive leaves of individual plants were tested during the following weeks, a clear gradient of reporter gene activity had developed in the green leaves including the sepals from the bottom to the top of the plants. In all cases analyzed, this gradient of reporter gene expression was strictly parallelled by the expression of the endogenous PR-1 proteins. These results suggest that the acidic PR-1 proteins from tobacco fulfiIl a role during the later stages of plant development and that the PR-1 a upstream region -906 to -335 contains positive regulatory elements for both environmental and developmental signals.Infection of plants with pathogens usually results in a distinct host response depending on the genetic constitution of the plant and the pathogen. In an incompatible reaction, the plant succeeds in localizing the pathogen at the primary infection sites which often become visible as necrotic local lesions on the leaves (hypersensitive response). This local defense reaction is accompanied by a general resistance of the whole plant against further attack by pathogens, a phenomenon called systemic acquired resistance. During the defense reaction of the plant, several host-encoded proteins are induced which are known as pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) and which are believed to play a role in restricting the pathogen. PR proteins were first described in 1970 in tobacco plants exhibiting the hypersensitive response after infection with toCorrespondence to U. M. Pfitzner, Botanisches Institut, MenFax: +49 89 1782 274.

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“…Their induction has been correlated with greater resistance to subsequent pathogen attack (31). These proteins may be partially responsible for a systemically acquired resistance (32). The induction of CHs and other defense-related proteins during flowering and seed germination may protect plant tissues from microbial attack during abrupt developmental changes (20).…”

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Properties of Barley Seed Chitinases and Release of Embryo-Associated Isoforms during Early Stages of Imbibition

Swegle¹,

Kramer²,

Muthukrishnan³

1992

Plant Physiol.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain at least five proteins with chitinase (CH) activity. Two of these (CH1 and CH2) are found primarily in the aleurone and endosperm tissues, and the other three (CH3, CH4, and CH5) are enriched in the embryo. From the bran fraction, three of these CHs (CH1, CH2, and CH3) were purified to apparent homogeneity. These three CHs have apparent molecular masses of 27, 34, and 35 kilodaltons and isoelectric points of 9.3, 9.2, and 8.7, respectively. CH2 and CH3 have amino terminal sequences resembling a portion of the chitin-binding domain of lectins and other plant defense proteins. CH 1 lacks this domain. All three CHs exhibit antifungal activity and inhibit the mycelial growth of some species of Trichoderma and Fusarium in vitro. During the early period of imbibition by seeds, two of the embryo-associated CHs are selectively released into the surrounding aqueous medium. CHs2 (EC 3.2.1.14) catalyze the hydrolysis of 1(1,4) linkages between N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranoside) residues in the linear homopolymer, chitin.

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Pathogenesis-related proteins

Cited by 520 publications

References 50 publications

Virulence of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola Is rpoN Dependent

Virulence of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola Is rpoN Dependent

The upstream region of the gene for the pathogenesis‐related protein 1 a from tobacco responds to environmental as well as to developmental signals in transgenic plants

Properties of Barley Seed Chitinases and Release of Embryo-Associated Isoforms during Early Stages of Imbibition

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