Pathologic Features and Immunofluorescent Antibody Demonstration of Ocular Microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) in Seven Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Schwartz, David A.; Visvesvara, Govinda S.; Diesenhouse, Michael C.; Weber, Rainer; Font, Ramon L.; Wilson, Louis A.; Corrent, George F.; Serdarevic, Olivia N.; Rosberger, Daniel F.; Keenen, Paul C.; Grossnikiaus, Hans E.; Hewan-Lowe, Karlene; Bryan, Ralph T.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73577-9

Cited by 104 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Early cases from the USA (Friedberg et al, 1990;Lowder et al, 1990;Orenstein et al, 1990;Yee et al, 1991;Cali et al, 1991b;Metcalfe et al, 1992;McCluskey et al, 1993); UK (Hollister et al, 1996) and Australia (Lafranchi- Tristem et al, 2001) identified the microsporidian species to the genus Encephalitozoon, and it was later recognized as a new species, Encephalitozoon hellem Schwartz et al, 1993;Hollister, 1993a). Other species involved include Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis (Lowder et al, 1996), possibly Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Aarons et al, 1994, Hollister et al 1993b and T. hominis (Field et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In early cases the eye was lost before diagnosis was made, or a penetrating keratoplasty failed (Ashton & Wirasinha 1973;Pinnolis et al, 1981). There have been isolated reports of response of cases of keratoconjunctivitis to topical brolene (Metcalfe et al, 1992;Theng et al, 2001) or oral itraconazole (Garcia, 2002), but the mainstay appears to be the use of topical fumagillin (70 ìg ml À1 ) (Rosberger et al, 1993;Diesenhouse et al, 1993) and oral albendazole (400 mg twice daily; a benzimidazole related to thiabendazole) (Gritz et al, 1997;Blanshard et al, 1992). Nevertheless, laboratory determination of the microsporidian species involved in human disease is important, as some species, such as Enterocytozoon bieneusi, are not eliminated by treatment with albendazole (Blanshard et al, 1992;Dieterich et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ultrastructural examination of two cases of stromal microsporidial keratitis

Rauz

Tuft

Dart

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural examination of two cases of stromal microsporidial keratitis

Rauz

Tuft

Dart

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In a large serosurvey, antibodies reacting to E. intestinalis by immunofluorescence techniques were present in 5% of pregnant French women and 8% of Dutch blood donors (van Gool et al, 1997). Studies have demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies raised to whole spore lysates in experimental animals usually react with the polar tube (Schwartz et al, 1993a;Zierdt et al, 1993;Weiss L.M., unpublished data). In a study of the immunologic response to spore antigens of Glugea atherinae and E. cuniculi, several candidate antibodies to PTPs were identified (Delbac et al, 1996(Delbac et al, , 1997 which demonstrated cross reactivity to the polar tubes of G. atherinae and E. cuniculi by immunogold electron microscopy.…”

Section: Composition Of the Microsporidian Polar Tubementioning

confidence: 98%

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Weiss

2005

International Journal for Parasitology

126

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

All of the members of the Microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialised structure, the polar tube. This article reviews the available data on the organisation, structure and function of this invasion organelle. It was over 100 years ago that Thelohan accurately described the microsporidian polar tube and the triggering of its discharge. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell. The mechanism of germination of spores, however, remains to be definitively determined. In addition, further studies on the characterisation of the early events in the rupture of the anterior attachment complex, eversion of the polar tube as well as the mechanism of host cell attachment and penetration are needed in order to clarify the function and assembly of this structure. The application of immunological and molecular techniques has resulted in the identification of three polar tube proteins referred to as PTP1, PTP2 and PTP3. The interactions of these identified proteins in the formation and function of the polar tube remain to be determined. Data suggest that PTP1 is an O-mannosylated glycoprotein, a post-translational modification that may be important for its function. With the availability of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi genome it is now possible to apply proteomic techniques to the characterisation of the components of the microsporidian spore and invasion organelle.

show abstract

“…hellem has so far been diagnosed in around 50 HIVinfected persons in a relatively few countries: Most cases were reported from the United States (52,78,81,(248)(249)(250)308). E. hellem was diagnosed in European patients from Italy (247), Switzerland (73,109,323), Germany (109), and the United Kingdom (144) and in one case in Africa (Tanzania) (75).…”

Section: Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections suggests that this species can be transmitted via the aerosol route (248,323). Furthermore, oral or ocular autoinoculation, perhaps by contaminated fingers, may occur (249). For drug addicts, a hematogenous mode of transmission with contaminated syringes has been suggested but was not proven (117).…”

Section: Sources Of Human Infections and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Potential of the Microsporidia

2005

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microsporidia are long-known parasitic organisms of almost every animal group, including invertebrates and vertebrates. Microsporidia emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in humans when AIDS became pandemic and, more recently, have also increasingly been detected in otherwise immunocompromised patients, including organ transplant recipients, and in immunocompetent persons with corneal infection or diarrhea. Two species causing rare infections in humans, Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Brachiola vesicularum, had previously been described from animal hosts (vertebrates and insects, respectively). However, several new microsporidial species, including Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most prevalent human microsporidian causing human immunodeficiency virus-associated diarrhea, have been discovered in humans, raising the question of their natural origin. Vertebrate hosts are now identified for all four major microsporidial species infecting humans (E. bieneusi and the three Encephalitozoon spp.), implying a zoonotic nature of these parasites. Molecular studies have identified phenotypic and/or genetic variability within these species, indicating that they are not uniform, and have allowed the question of their zoonotic potential to be addressed. The focus of this review is the zoonotic potential of the various microsporidia and a brief update on other microsporidia which have no known host or an invertebrate host and which cause rare infections in humans

show abstract

Pathologic Features and Immunofluorescent Antibody Demonstration of Ocular Microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) in Seven Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Cited by 104 publications

References 21 publications

Ultrastructural examination of two cases of stromal microsporidial keratitis

Ultrastructural examination of two cases of stromal microsporidial keratitis

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Zoonotic Potential of the Microsporidia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About