Pathology Evaluation of Developmental Phenotypes in Neonatal and Juvenile Mice

Abstract

Necropsy (or autopsy) is the post mortem dissection of an animal to examine and collect organs and tissues in order to understand the effects and causes of disease. The systematic harvesting of samples at necropsy is an essential step in defining the reason for an unexpected death and in characterizing the features (i.e., phenotype) of a newly discovered condition. Phenotypic evaluation of young (neonatal and juvenile) mice emphasizes morphologic (macroscopic and microscopic) techniques and biochemical (clinical chemistry, hematologic, and molecular) analyses. This paper describes the most common procedures utilized to gather phenotypic data from neonatal and juvenile mice, with advanced alternatives for preparing special specimens (e.g., blood smears, electron microscopic samples). These techniques are applicable to young mice of all strains and are effective regardless of the fundamental cause, including genetically engineered or spontaneous mutations and exposure to pathogens or xenobiotic agents (i.e., foreign chemicals). © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pathology Principles and Practices for Analysis of Animal Models

“…Resources are available that provide important details of the basic biology of embryos and the pathology techniques used for their analysis. 57…”

Necropsy protocol for newborn mice

“…1 Post-mortem analysis of dead pups found at cage inspection is a major source of information which is often overlooked, partly due to a lack of proper guidelines, since published protocols about post-mortem analysis of newborn mice are directed to phenotyping pups of genetically modified strains humanely killed at predetermined time points. 5 Furthermore, inspection of breeding cages in the first four days after birth is often avoided due to concerns that inspection may itself increase mortality, which our previous work proved to be unfounded. 6 In addition, the high rate of cannibalism of dead pups seen in this species can result in lost specimens.…”