Paths of Elementary Particles on K‐Surfaces

Abstract

According to General Relativity (GR) the shape of spacetime determines the motions and paths of massive as well as mass-less particles. K -Surfaces play very important role in GR. Paths of the elementary particles are discussed by using the techniques of foliation of Schwarzschild spacetime by K-Surfaces and Isometric Embeddings.

A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis

“…Viral ecthyma or nodules typically (one to a few in number) develop on exposed parts of the human body including fingertips, hands, forearms, or face. 51 , 52 The lesions originate as trivial papules that in due course grow into ulcerative lesions. The original lesion is a small, firm, red to blue papule at the site of ORFV entry, typically on a finger or hand.…”

“…In immunocompromised persons, giant Orf lesions can develop with continued progression in size instead of spontaneous regression. 49 , 51 This type of lesion can take extended time or may fail to resolve naturally. In some cases, ORFV infections can cause complications such as erythema multiforme reactions and presents with rashes on the back of hands, legs and ankles.…”

“…Other manifestations important for differential diagnosis in humans includes: cowpox and pseudocowpox (milker's nodule) – both are a member of poxviruses naturally affecting cattle; herpetic whitlow (caused by herpes simplex viruses); furuncle; pyoderma; pyogenic granuloma; cat scratch disease (associated with a bacterial etiology including Bartonella henselae ); atypical mycobacterial infections; syphilitic chancre; deep seated fungal infections; sporotrichosis; squamous cell carcinoma; keratoacanthoma type; primary inoculation tuberculosis; tularemia; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (sweet syndrome); ecthyma gangrenosum; erysipeloid (caused by Gram positive non-sporing bacilli); insect bites, or anthrax . 1 , 51 , 75 ORFV zoonotic infection shares similar clinical manifestations and exposure risks with etiologies that may have potentially life threatening outcome. As a result, suspect orf cases may necessitate the availability of confirmatory diagnostic arrangements especially in places where little or no attention has been given to this virus.…”

“…The drug has been found almost ubiquitously used as a first-line antiviral therapy, along with mechanical excision of the Orf lesion. 51 Cidofovir in cream and intravenous preparations were used in severe Orf cases, even though it is not approved for this use. 80 The apparently successful use of cidofovir to treat a giant non-resolving ORFV infected lesion has been reported in an immunocompromised patient.…”