Pattern of startle reflex to somatosensory stimuli changes after spinal cord injury

Abanoz, Yasin; Abanoz, Yeşim Gülen; Gündüz, Ayşegül; Uludağ, Murat; Örnek, Nurettin İrem; Uzun, Nurten; Ünalan, Halil; Kızıltan, Meral E.

doi:10.1080/10790268.2016.1211580

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Complementing neuroimaging findings, lesion studies can provide information about whether a structure is necessary for a particular function and not just whether activity in a certain structure and a function co-occur (Vaidya et al, 2019). Most of the lesion studies reviewed here allow for a differentiation between the blink reflex and the whole-body startle response as EMG responses were not only recorded at the orbicularis oculi but also in other muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid and the biceps brachii (Abanoz et al, 2018;Jankelowitz & Colebatch, 2004;Kumru et al, 2008Kumru et al, , 2009Sohtaoğlu et al, 2016). In the following, we summarize evidence from neuroimaging and lesions work on the involvement of specific brain areas in the primary startle reflex pathway.…”

Section: Startle Response Pathway In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in studying brain‐behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans

Wendt

Kuhn²,

Hamm

et al. 2023

Psychophysiology

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The startle response is a cross‐species defensive reflex that is considered a key tool for cross‐species translational emotion research. While the neural pathway mediating (affective) startle modulation has been extensively studied in rodents, human work on brain‐behavior interactions has lagged in the past due to technical challenges, which have only recently been overcome through non‐invasive simultaneous EMG‐fMRI assessments. We illustrate key paradigms and methodological tools for startle response assessment in rodents and humans and review evidence for primary and modulatory neural circuits underlying startle responses and their affective modulation in humans. Based on this, we suggest a refined and integrative model for primary and modulatory startle response pathways in humans concluding that there is strong evidence from human work on the neurobiological pathway underlying the primary startle response while evidence for the modulatory pathway is still sparse. In addition, we provide methodological considerations to guide future work and provide an outlook on new and exciting perspectives enabled through technical and theoretical advances outlined in this work.

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Section: Startle Response Pathway In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in studying brain‐behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans

Wendt

Kuhn²,

Hamm

et al. 2023

Psychophysiology

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“…Reticulospinal tract (ReST) responses (Figure 8a) were detected in an upper extremity muscle (biceps) of all children (Figure 8b) using the ASR approach (Abanoz et al, 2018; Bakker et al, 2009; Kumru et al, 2008). Positive responses in the lower extremities were detected only in the three children who achieved walking (Figure 8c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of walking in nonambulatory children with chronic spinal cord injuries: Case series

Howland

Trimble

Fox

et al. 2023

J of Neuroscience Research

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The immature central nervous system is recognized as having substantial neuroplastic capacity. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that rehabilitation can exploit that potential and elicit reciprocal walking in nonambulatory children with chronic, severe (i.e., lower extremity motor score < 10/50) spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Seven male subjects (3–12 years of age) who were at least 1‐year post‐SCI and incapable of discrete leg movements believed to be required for walking, enrolled in activity‐based locomotor training (ABLT; http://clinicaltrials.gov NCT00488280). Six children completed the study. Following a minimum of 49 sessions of ABLT, three of the six children achieved walking with reverse rolling walkers. Stepping development, however, was not accompanied by improvement in discrete leg movements as underscored by the persistence of synergistic movements and little change in lower extremity motor scores. Interestingly, acoustic startle responses exhibited by the three responding children suggested preserved reticulospinal inputs to circuitry below the level of injury capable of mediating leg movements. On the other hand, no indication of corticospinal integrity was obtained with transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked responses in the same individuals. These findings suggest some children who are not predicted to improve motor and locomotor function may have a reserve of adaptive plasticity that can emerge in response to rehabilitative strategies such as ABLT. Further studies are warranted to determine whether a critical need exists to re‐examine rehabilitation approaches for pediatric SCI with poor prognosis for any ambulatory recovery.

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“…Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause changes in the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, 35 such as increase excitability above the lesion, 36 and damage to the bottom segmental motor neuron of the corticospinal tract and injury plane. The possibility of interrupted neuron regeneration after SCI is extremely small.…”

Section: Startle Reflex In Disease Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress in the Study of Startle Reflex to Disease States

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Wei³

et al. 2022

NDT

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The startle reflex is considered a primitive physiological reflex, a defense response that occurs in the organism when the body feels sudden danger and uneasiness, characterized by habituation and sensitization effects, and studies on the startle reflex often deal with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and sensorimotor gating. Under physiological conditions, the startle reflex is stable at a certain level, and when the organism is in a pathological state, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, schizophrenia, and other diseases, the reflex undergoes a series of changes, making it closely related to the progress of disease. This paper summarizes the startle reflex in physiological and pathological states by reviewing the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodical, Wanfang Data, and identifies and analyzes the startle reflex and excessive startle reaction disorder.

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Pattern of startle reflex to somatosensory stimuli changes after spinal cord injury

Abstract: ASR is enhanced after SCI whereas SSS of eye muscles is hypoactive and pattern of SSS after median stimulation changes in SCI.

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Recent advances in studying brain‐behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans

Recent advances in studying brain‐behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans

Recovery of walking in nonambulatory children with chronic spinal cord injuries: Case series

Research Progress in the Study of Startle Reflex to Disease States

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