Pattern of uveitis at a referral center in Iraq

Al-Shakarchi, Faiz I.

doi:10.4103/0974-9233.142263

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Prevalence of TB as an etiology of uveitis has varied from 0.5% in the USA, 12 4% in the People’s Republic of China, 13 6.31% in Italy, 14 6.9% in Japan, 15 9.86% in north India, 16 10.5% in Saudi Arabia, 17 and 11.4% in Iraq where TB is endemic. 18 …”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular tuberculosis: current perspectives

Shakarchi

2015

OPTH

116

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The World Health Organization currently estimates that nearly two billion people, or one-third of the world’s population, are infected by tuberculosis, and that roughly 10% of the infected people are symptomatic. Tuberculosis affects the lungs in 80% of patients, while in the remaining 20% the disease may affect other organs, including the eye. Uveitis can be seen concurrently with tuberculosis, but a direct association is difficult to prove. Ocular tuberculosis is usually not associated with clinical evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, as up to 60% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients may not have pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis is often problematic and in nearly all reported cases, the diagnosis was only presumptive. Tuberculous uveitis is a great mimicker of various uveitis entities and it can be considered in the differential diagnosis of any type of intraocular inflammation. It is still unknown if ocular manifestations result from a direct mycobacterium infection or hypersensitivity reaction and this is reflected on the management of tuberculous uveitis. Prevalence of tuberculosis as an etiology of uveitis may reach up to 10% in endemic areas. Tuberculous uveitis is a vision-threatening disease that inevitably leads to blindness if not properly diagnosed and treated. The aim of this review is to illustrate the various clinical features and management of presumed tuberculous uveitis. The current review focuses on the diagnostic criteria, significance of tuberculin skin test, and use of systemic corticosteroids in the management of tuberculous uveitis as recommended in recent publications.

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Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 33 A previous study conducted in Iraq, showed a high sensitivity and specificity of strongly positive TST (more than 14 mm area of induration/necrosis) for ocular TB in the Iraqi population. 18 …”

Section: Tuberculin Skin Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular tuberculosis: current perspectives

Shakarchi

2015

OPTH

116

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“…55,131,150,153 Uveitis can occur at any age, but the mean age of incidence is between 30 to 40 years in most studies. 12,55,131,150,153,188,248 About 60%–80% of uveitis occurs between the ages of 20 to 50 years. 242 In terms of anatomic classification, anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis, followed by panuveitis, posterior uveitis, and intermediate uveitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of anterior uveitis, panuveitis, posterior uveitis, and intermediate uveitis is reported to be 24.5%–52.3%, 11.8%–52.9%, 7.1%–46.0%, and 6.3%–19.3%, respectively, in several studies. 12,55,131, 150,153,188,248 The causes of posterior uveitis can be infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic), noninfectious (autoimmune or associated with a systemic disease), or part of a masquerade syndrome. 53 A significant proportion of the cases of posterior uveitis are infectious (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral posterior uveitis

Lee

Agarwal

Mahendradas

et al. 2017

Survey of Ophthalmology

111

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The causes of posterior uveitis can be divided into infectious, autoimmune, or masquerade syndromes. Viral infections, a significant cause of sight-threatening ocular diseases in the posterior segment, include human herpesviruses, measles, rubella, and arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya virus. Viral posterior uveitis may occur as an isolated ocular disease in congenital or acquired infections or as part of a systemic viral illness. Many viruses remain latent in the infected host with a risk of reactivation that depends on various factors, including virulence and host immunity, age, and comorbidities. Although some viral illnesses are self-limiting and have a good visual prognosis, others, such as cytomegalovirus retinitis or acute retinal necrosis, may result in serious complications and profound vision loss. Since some of these infections may respond well to antiviral therapy, it is important to work up all cases of posterior uveitis to rule out an infectious etiology. We review the clinical features, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and long-term outcomes for each of these viral posterior uveitides.

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