Patterns of Structural Changes in the Fundus Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography as Potential Markers of Acute Mountain Sickness

Abstract

Purpose To use optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to assess the pattern of changes in retinal and choroidal blood flow and structure in healthy volunteers who quickly went from sea level to a plateau and to determine the parameters associated with acute mountain sickness (AMS). Methods Forty-five individuals (89 eyes) were examined by OCTA and filled out the AMS questionnaire. One baseline examination was performed on the plain, followed by examinations at days 1, 3, and 5 after entering the plateau. Parameters were self-controlled to explore patterns of change, analyzed for correlation with AMS score, and modeled as a nomogram of AMS risk. Results On the plateau compared to the plain, vascular morphology showed dilated superficial macular retinal vessels and constricted deeper layers with increased vessel length density and fractal dimension; vessel density increased in all retinal strata and decreased in the choroidal macrovascular layer; and thickness increased except for a decrease in mean retinal thickness in the central macular sulcus. The rate of increase in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the inner and outer macular rings correlated with AMS score ( r = −0.211). The nomogram showed moderate accuracy (AUC = 0.672) and consistency (C-index = 0.659) in assessing AMS risk. Conclusions In high-altitude hypoxia, retinal vessels dilate and distort, resulting in increased blood flow density and thickness. Increased RNFL thickness in the paracentral macula may be a marker of low AMS risk. Translational Relevance The changes in the retinal structure of the fundus can be used to assess the risk of developing AMS.