Pb2+ removal performance by cotton-based and magnetic modified cotton-based biochar prepared from agricultural waste biomass

Preparation of Chladophora‐Based Biochar and Its Adsorption Properties for Antibiotics

“…According to the adsorption equilibrium formula, under the condition of a certain concentration of PPCPs, the adsorption amount of CB remained unchanged or the adsorption of CB decreased, which may be due to the limited adsorption sites on the surface of biochar. When the biochar is added to a certain extent, it reaches saturation [37] …”

“…As shown in Figure 4, after the adsorption of PPCPs onto CB, the position of the C=C functional group deviated marginally from 1384 to 1372 cm À 1 , exhibiting that the π-π EDA interactions occurred during the adsorption process. [37] Similarly, the -OH peak at 3441 cm -1 of CB was slightly offset to 3460 cm-1 after the adsorption of PPCPs, illustrating that the -OH could interact with O and N atoms in PPCPs through hydrogen bonding to promote the adsorption process. [38] In addition, there may be hydrogen-bonding interactions between the oxygen atoms (H-acceptors) in CB and the hydrogen of the amine groups (H-donors) on both OFL and IBU drugs.…”

“…The influences of multiple factors on IBU and OFL removal performance were analyzed under different conditions (biochar dosage, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, and 2 g L −1 ; temperature, 293, 298, 303, 308, and 313 K; adsorption time, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 480 and 720 min; pH values, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12). The adsorption quantity Q e (mg g −1 ) and removal efficiency η (%) of CB in the equilibrium state were calculated [22] …”

“…The adsorption quantity Q e (mg g À 1 ) and removal efficiency η (%) of CB in the equilibrium state were calculated. [22] In the kinetics study, the dosage of biochar was 1 g L À 1 , the concentration of IBU and OFL was 50, 100, 200 mg L À 1 , and the temperature was 298 K. The concentration of IBU and OFL was measured at 10, 30, 60, 90, 180, 300, 360, 480, 600 min, respectively. The kinetics data were fitted with the pseudo-firstorder, pseudo second-order, and diffusion equation models.…”

“…The kinetics data were fitted with the pseudo-firstorder, pseudo second-order, and diffusion equation models. [23] The equations of each model are as follow:…”