PbO–GeO2 rib waveguides for photonic applications

Production and characterization of Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped waveguides based on PbO–GeO2 thin films

“…The results showed that lower losses are obtained for propagation at 1050 nm in pedestal optical waveguide with 2 cm length. This can be attributed to the fact that lower wavelengths present higher scattering loss due to the roughness of the pedestal lateral sidewall caused by the plasma etching process used for the definition of the pedestal, such as explained in Section 2.3 [23,25,26]. Other characteristics like thickness uniformity and roughness of waveguide sidewalls can also influence.…”

“…The obtained PGO pedestal waveguides were annealed at 400°C for 3 h, in order to enhance the transparency of the thin film [23] and to allow the incorporation of REIs in the trivalent form.…”

“…Propagation losses at 630 nm (He-Ne laser) and 1050 nm (Yb fiber laser) were determined using the ''top view'' technique [23]. For these measurements, the edges of the silicon wafer were cleaved with a diamond tip in order to access the inputs and outputs of the optical waveguides.…”

“…Since PGO rib-type waveguides have already been reported by authors [23], it is expected pedestal-type waveguides to be good candidates for achieving an active device by the incorporation of REIs.…”

Photoluminescence and nonlinear optical phenomena in plasmonic random media—A review of recent works

“…The parameters used for fabrication are indicated in Table 1. RIB waveguides were obtained from the thin PGO films using optical lithography followed by the reactive ion etching process [17].…”