PCB replacements in dielectric fluids

Addison, R.F.

doi:10.1021/es00116a002

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These include polydimethylsiloxanes (silicones), high molecular weight hydrocarbons based on mineral oils, synthetic polyol esters usually based on trimethylolpropane or pentaerythritol, and poly(alpha)olefins. 41,42 Typical structures are given in Figure 4. Silicones are essentially nonbiodegradable and mineral oils, being complex mixtures of cyclic and noncyclic hydrocarbons some of which are readily degradable and some not, have limited biodegradability in standard tests.…”

Section: Vegetable Oil-based Functional Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Small Molecules for Biodegradability

2007

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Section: Vegetable Oil-based Functional Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Small Molecules for Biodegradability

2007

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“…There was several inshore locations with most values lying beno trend in PCB levels in inshore waters between 1971 tween 1 and 10 n g 1-' seawater (Table 4). High values and 1980 ( (Addison 1983). Burns et al (1985), France (Raybaud 1972) and Narragansett Bay, Rhode however, have measured a 3-fold decline in PCB levels Island (USA) (Duce et al 1972).…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenyls Have Been Quantified Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are DDT, cyclodiene, and HCH insecticides, industrial compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) both of which are produced as fungicides but may also be industrial by-products (Table 1). Chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs), chlorobiphenyl derivatives, chlorinated paraf- fins and many others have been produced for industrial use (Zitko 1976, Addison 1983), but have not yet been reported in the water, phytoplankton or zooplankton of the marine environment. The explanation may be that these substances, except chlorinated paraffins, have been recently introduced by industry and are expensive and time-consuming to assay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine dynamics between zooplankton and their environment, a reassessment

Harding¹

1986

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The level of organochlorine contamination in estuarine, coastal or oceanic waters and various depth strata, including surface films, is important in predicting bioaccumulation in zooplankton. Present and past levels of contamination in seawater are briefly reviewed and summarized. Most of the evidence indcates that little organochlorine is truly dissolved in seawater: most molecules are sorbed onto particulate material or sequestered into rnicellar structures. A first-order l n e t i c model is adequate to describe the accumulation of organochlorines by zooplankton from seawater because current laboratory techniques are not refined enough to disbnguish pathways within the organism. The chemical nature of the compounds, such as chlorine content, influences the time taken to reach an equilibrium level in an organism and the bioaccumulation at equilibrium. Size of organism, and temperature and salinity of the environment affect organochlorine uptake rates; this is believed to be related to the weight-specific surface area of the zooplankter exposed per unit time. The lipid content influences the carrying capacity of the zooplankter or its bloconcentration factor from seawater The same kinetic model can be expanded to include organochlorines asslmllated through feeding on contaminated food. Experimental studies have shown that 'field' levels of contamination in zooplankton can be reached in the lab within days by accumulation from food. The transfer of organochlorines from generation to generation in the lipid-nch eggs of zooplankters is discussed and explored with the l n e t i c model. Juvenile stages are prehcted to contain the highest organochlorine levels after yolk absorption and therefore should expenence the greatest n~ortality. Finally, it is concluded, from consideration of present levels of contamination, that the water column is the present and probably ultimate repository of most organochlorine compounds in the marine environment and that zooplankton play a major role in distributing organochlorines from atmospheric 'fallout' throughout the ocean depths.

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“…For transformers, sil icones-a previously known and more expensive substitute for PCB's-are now being used. [22] Finally, automobile air pollutant emissions standards promulgated in the late I960's and early 1970's appear to have spurred the development of engine design modifications. Intensive research into automobile pollution control technologies, which began in the I960's after passage of the California Motor Vehicles Pollution Control Act, was accelerated by the federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970.…”

Section: Why Is Waste Generation Reduction Preferable To Other Forms mentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Generation Reduction: A First Step Toward Developing a Regulatory Policy to Encourage Hazardous Substance Management through Production Process Change

Caldart¹,

Ryan²

1985

Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials

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From an engineering perspective, the issue of hazardous chemical wastes is no different than the air, water, and workplace pollution issues with which the nation has long grappled. Quite simply, hazardous residues are a production process problem; the nature and amount of the residues produced are determined by the nature of the production processes employed.The long-term goal of a reasoned hazardous waste management policy must be to effect changes in industrial processes so as to reduce significantly the amount of hazardous residues generated by those processes. This goal will not be reached unless industry itself is motivated to explore the necessary technological innovation and adaptation. The challenge, then, is to create a regulatory climate which provides such motivation.We believe that the development of effective regulatory policies at the state level to encourage production process change will require a commitment to overall hazardous substance management, rather than to the management of hazardous residues deposited into any particular environmental medium. If state hazardous waste policies are to serve as a focal point for hazardous substance management, they must incorporate: (1) a specific programmatic emphasis on waste generation reduction as the preferred means of hazardous waste management; (2) vigorous enforcement of current treatment and disposal laws; (3) a shift in emphasis from the nature of the various waste streams that are produced to the nature of the various industrial "productive segments" that generate hazardous waste; (4) refinement and expansion of programs for the sharing of technological information; and (5) a graduated increase in regulatory stringency over time.

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PCB replacements in dielectric fluids

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Designing Small Molecules for Biodegradability

Designing Small Molecules for Biodegradability

Organochlorine dynamics between zooplankton and their environment, a reassessment

Waste Generation Reduction: A First Step Toward Developing a Regulatory Policy to Encourage Hazardous Substance Management through Production Process Change

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