PCL/PLA Polymer Composite Filament Fabrication using Full Factorial Design (DOE) for Fused Deposition Modelling

Haq, Reazul Haq Abdul; Khairilhijra, K. Rd.; Wahab, Saidin; Sa’ude, Nasuha; Ibrahim, Mustaffa; Marwah, Omar Mohd Faizan; Yusof, Mohd Sallehuddin; Rahman, Mohd Nasrull Abdol; Ariffin, Ahmad Mubarak Tajul; Hassan, Mohd Fahrul; Yunos, Muhamad Zaini; Adzila, Sharifah

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/914/1/012017

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The third factor involved was the (iii) manufacturing process. The co-polymer PLCL has the major advantage of being suitable for use in a variety of manufacturing techniques such as electrospinning or FDM 3D printing to produce customized scaffolds [43,44]. In this study, we demonstrated that 0.2 mm thick PLCL filaments can be successfully printed in porous scaffolds with different interconnected pore sizes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Jordao,

Cléret,

Dhayer

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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Autologous fat grafting is the gold standard for treatment in patients with soft-tissue defects. However, the technique has a major limitation of unpredictable fat resorption due to insufficient blood supply in the initial phase after transplantation. To overcome this problem, we investigated the capability of a medical-grade poly L-lactide-co-poly ε-caprolactone (PLCL) scaffold to support adipose tissue and vascular regeneration. Deploying FDM 3D-printing, we produced a bioresorbable porous scaffold with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion. The compressive modulus of printed scaffold mimicked the mechanical properties of native adipose tissue. In vitro assays demonstrated that PLCL scaffolds or their degradation products supported differentiation of preadipocytes into viable mature adipocytes under appropriate induction. Interestingly, the chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed vascular invasion inside the porous scaffold, which represented a guiding structure for ingrowing blood vessels. Then, lipoaspirate-seeded scaffolds were transplanted subcutaneously into the dorsal region of immunocompetent rats (n = 16) for 1 or 2 months. The volume of adipose tissue was maintained inside the scaffold over time. Histomorphometric evaluation discovered small- and normal-sized perilipin+ adipocytes (no hypertrophy) classically organized into lobular structures inside the scaffold. Adipose tissue was surrounded by discrete layers of fibrous connective tissue associated with CD68+ macrophage patches around the scaffold filaments. Adipocyte viability, assessed via TUNEL staining, was sustained by the presence of a high number of CD31-positive vessels inside the scaffold, confirming the CAM results. Overall, our study provides proof that 3D-printed PLCL scaffolds can be used to improve fat graft volume preservation and vascularization, paving the way for new therapeutic options for soft-tissue defects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Jordao,

Cléret,

Dhayer

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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“…This is especially important in the context of composite laments, because the thread con guration in uences the orientation of the ller elements inserted into the lament. This complex interaction of elements emphasises the signi cance of monitoring programs and precision in the extrusion process, where deviations in any of these aspects can result in considerable differences in lament characteristics and performance (Geng et al 2019, Haq et al 2017).…”

Section: Filament Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Nanofibrillated Cellulose - Reinforced PHB/PBAT 3D Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling

Jeffri,

Fazita,

Haafiz

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Melt extrusion was used to create three-dimensional (3D) filaments reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in blends of polyhydroxybutyrate/polybutylene-co-adipate terephthalate (PHB/PBAT) in various ratios (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). A twin-screw extruder was used to extrude filaments with an approximate diameter of 3mm. Consequently, these filaments were analyses for their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. The PHB/PBAT/NFC blends and neat PHB were compared to assess the effect of blending PHB with PBAT and reinforcing it with NFC. The inclusion of PBAT and the reinforcing effect of NFC were investigated by thermal analysis, which resulted in an improvement in thermal behaviour and stability. However, as illustrated by the result of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the incorporation of PBAT reduced PHB’s crystallinity. This correspondingly affected its rheological and mechanical strength. The desired tensile properties necessary for three-dimensional (3D) printing can be maintained with the addition of NFC. The highest tensile properties were achieved by the lowest loading of NFC. Additionally, it is proved from the result of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, for 0.5% NFC loading exhibited a better two-phase system and effective dispersion of NFC. This research expands the potential applications of PHB, including PHB/PBAT blends and PHB/PBAT/NFC composites.

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“…While the reason for this was not investigated, possible reasons suggested from literature are internal stress caused by uneven cooling of extruded plastic or irregular geometry of the nozzle which can affect the flow behaviour of the plastic. Haq et al [8] studied the die temperature, roller puller speed, spindle speed, and inlet temperature as parameters for PCL-PLA composite materials. In this research, the results showed that the roller puller speed and spindle speed have a strong interaction as a factor in making filaments.…”

Section: Process Parameters In Filament Extrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Extrusion Process Parameters of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene-Thermoplastic Starch Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication

Wamuti,

Mwangi,

Karanja

et al. 2023

OJCM

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High-density poly-ethylene (HDPE) is a nonbiodegradable recyclable plastic which is widely utilized in single use packaging applications. Consequently, it constitutes a significant amount of plastic waste found in landfills. From literature, it has been shown that parts produced using composites of HDPE with carbohydrate-based polymers, such as thermoplastic starch (TPS), experience mechanical degradation through hydrolytic degradation process. The possible utilization of recycled-HDPE (rHDPE) and TPS composite in nonconventional manufacturing processes such as Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has however not been explored. This study explores the potential application of rHDPE and TPS composites in FFF and optimizes the extrusion process parameters used in rHDPE-TPS filament production process. Taguchi method was utilized to analyze the extrusion process. The extrusion process parameters studied were the spooling speed, extrusion speed and the extrusion temperatures. The response variable studied was the filament diameter. In this research, the maximum TPS content achieved during filament production was 40 wt%. This filament was however challenging to use in FFF printers due to frequent nozzle clogging. Printing was therefore done with filaments that contained 0 -30 wt% TPS. The experimental results showed that the most significant parameter in extrusion process was the spooling speed, followed by extrusion speed. Extrusion temperature had the least significant influence on the filament diameter.

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PCL/PLA Polymer Composite Filament Fabrication using Full Factorial Design (DOE) for Fused Deposition Modelling

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Nanofibrillated Cellulose - Reinforced PHB/PBAT 3D Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling

Optimization of Extrusion Process Parameters of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene-Thermoplastic Starch Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication

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