PDF/A-3 solution for digital calibration certificates

Boschung, Gregor; Wollensack, Michael; Zeier, M.; Blaser, Cédric; Hof, C.; Stathis, Manuel; Blattner, Peter; Stuker, Florian; Basic, Nina; Toro, Federico Grasso

doi:10.1016/j.measen.2021.100282

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This functionality is beneficial for numerous different areas [18,19], but the literal understanding of "smart contracts" as "contracts" is problematic because, in the case of a dispute, courts might rely on the underlying intent of the parties rather than the written code [18]. However, in metrology, smart contracts could be used for automated decision making, e.g., about (un)successful calibration process of an IoT device, based on exact values with clear thresholds, and for recording the decision on the blockchain in the form of a digital calibration certificate (DCC) [20,21]. In doing so, the trust in measured values, i.e., in oracles (IoT devices) as inputs for smart contracts has a crucial role.…”

Section: Blockchain As a Technical Solution For The Digital Transform...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereby, the PKI and digital signatures must be used to ensure authenticity [14,15]. Nowadays, there are several competing DCC formats, as shown in Figure 4 [ 20,42,43], and time will tell which one will prevail and be accepted by the metrology community and institutions. The finally embraced format will not have an impact on possible blockchain applicability.…”

Section: Establishing the Complete Trust Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the category "Miscellaneous", i.e., references that do not have a focus on of our most relevant six categories, the main topic is listed in the table. IoT blockchain application (IB) [10][11][12]27] Oracle issue of blockchain (OB) [3,23,25] Metrology in general (M) [4, 5,22,28,33,44,47] Digital transformation of metrology (TM) [6][7][8][9]20,21,42,43] Blockchain as possible infrastructure for digital transformation of metrology (BTM) [13][14][15]24,45,46] Miscellaneous anti-tampering and security [29][30][31][32][33] multi-sensor approach [35,36] data market [39][40][41] Although important for each particular use case, no reference has a holistic approach, and this kind of approach is crucial if one wants to establish a full trust hierarchy as explained in more detail in Section 2, and thoroughly analyzed throughout our paper, which is trying to close precisely this gap.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trust Model Concept for IoT Blockchain Applications as Part of the Digital Transformation of Metrology

Miličević

Omrčen

Köhler

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Trends for the digital transformation of metrology and regulation of metrology through IT have some keywords in common with the main properties of the blockchain, such as traceability, immutability, and machine-readable documents. The possible applicability of the blockchain as an innovative IT solution for metrology regulation is known in the scientific community. Still, blockchain implementation must consider the entire metrology pyramid—the technical aspects and the legal framework intrinsic to metrology. This is also valid for possible IoT blockchain applications. In resolving the issues, this paper applies a bottom-up approach, starting from IoT devices analyzed as oracles and building up to the sole definition of measurement units, thereby discussing technical aspects concerning relevant standardization documents. The resulting trust model concept encompasses the vertical and horizontal traceability of the measurement results (oracle data), where normative standards and legal requirements are crucial for building trust. Conclusively, for practical implementations, it will be necessary to analyze blockchain properties and applicability with a view to the standard requirements, as shown for WELMEC.

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Section: Blockchain As a Technical Solution For The Digital Transform...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Establishing the Complete Trust Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trust Model Concept for IoT Blockchain Applications as Part of the Digital Transformation of Metrology

Miličević

Omrčen

Köhler

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…For this purpose, different approaches have been proposed [43]. The Swiss NMI Federal Institute of Metrology METAS and the NCSLI have proposed PDF-based formats in which data are embedded in a machinereadable format such as XML [20,23]. XML-based DCC formats have been presented by the German NMI Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Association of German Engineers (VDI) [19,21,44].…”

Section: Digital Calibration Certificatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we refer to these data or metadata for presenting the metrological information in a machinereadable and interpretable format as digital metrological data. The ongoing work includes the introduction of the formats for digital calibration certificates (DCCs) [19][20][21][22] and digital SI (D-SI) [23], which are being developed to provide the basis for the universal exchange of metrological data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secure Exchange of Digital Metrological Data in a Smart Overhead Crane

Mustapää

Tunkkari

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Digitalization and the rapid development of IoT systems has posed challenges for metrology because it has been comparatively slow in adapting to the new demands. That is why the digital transformation of metrology has become a key research and development topic all over the world including the development of machine-readable formats for digital SI (D-SI) and digital calibration certificates (DCCs). In this paper, we present a method for using these digital formats for metrological data to enhance the trustworthiness of data and propose how to use digital signatures and distributed ledger technology (DLT) alongside DCCs and D-SI to ensure integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation of measurement data and DCCs. The implementation of these technologies in industrial applications is demonstrated with a use case of data exchange in a smart overhead crane. The presented system was tested and validated in providing security against data tampering attacks.

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Machine-readable data and metadata of international key comparisons in radionuclide metrology

Coulon

Toro²,

Michotte

2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The digitalization of key comparisons in radionuclide metrology is being studied at the BIPM. Results of comparisons are made available on the BIPM KCDB platform where a PDF/A document can be downloaded. Access to the metadata contained in the PDF is not straightforward. Therefore, the XML and JSON versions of the report are now embedded in the PDF/A document, allowing direct access to the metadata. This achievement is a first step towards the implementation of FAIR principles and does not affect the current policy of publishing comparison results. The combination of PDF/A and XML technologies seems to be an effective way to carry out digitalization. The strengths of both technologies can be brought together to meet the FAIR principles and ISO/IEC 17025 compliance. This approach benefits from robust data exchange features such as XML Schema and XML namespaces, as well as secure digital signatures and long-term archiving of PDF/A-3 documents.

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PDF/A-3 solution for digital calibration certificates

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Trust Model Concept for IoT Blockchain Applications as Part of the Digital Transformation of Metrology

Trust Model Concept for IoT Blockchain Applications as Part of the Digital Transformation of Metrology

Secure Exchange of Digital Metrological Data in a Smart Overhead Crane

Machine-readable data and metadata of international key comparisons in radionuclide metrology

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