Pediatric Head Trauma: A Review and Update

Gelineau‐Morel, Rose; Zinkus, Timothy; Pichon, Jean-Baptiste Le

doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0257

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Frequency of TBI in up to 4-year-old patients is twice the rate of TBI in the next most affected population (15-24 years old) [39]. Most of these injuries are limited to mild TBI, mainly concussions, which can be defined as a clinical syndrome of biomechanically induced alteration of brain function, typically affecting memory and orientation, which may involve loss of consciousness.…”

Section: Injury Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these injuries are limited to mild TBI, mainly concussions, which can be defined as a clinical syndrome of biomechanically induced alteration of brain function, typically affecting memory and orientation, which may involve loss of consciousness. The occurrence of concussion in children under 15 years old is 692/100,000 [39]. Most of the patients with mild TBI do not present symptoms that necessitate further diagnostics, e.g., computed tomography (CT), therefore most radiological data from the paediatric population comes from patients diagnosed with a medium to severe trauma.…”

Section: Injury Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury Biomechanics of a Child’s Head: Problems, Challenges and Possibilities with a New aHEAD Finite Element Model

et al. 2020

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem among children. The predominant causes of TBI in young children are motor vehicle accidents, firearm incidents, falls, and child abuse. The limitation of in vivo studies on the human brain has made the finite element modelling an important tool to study brain injury. Numerical models based on the finite element approach can provide valuable data on biomechanics of brain tissues and help explain many pathological conditions. This work reviews the existing numerical models of a child’s head. However, the existing literature is very limited in reporting proper geometric representation of a small child’s head. Therefore, an advanced 2-year-old child’s head model, named aHEAD 2yo (aHEAD: advanced Head models for safety Enhancement And medical Development), has been developed, which advances the state-of-the-art. The model is one of the first published in the literature, which entirely consists of hexahedral elements for three-dimensional (3D) structures of the head, such as the cerebellum, skull, and cerebrum with detailed geometry of gyri and sulci. It includes cerebrospinal fluid as Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and a detailed model of pressurized bringing veins. Moreover, the presented review of the literature showed that material models for children are now one of the major limitations. There is also no unambiguous opinion as to the use of separate materials for gray and white matter. Thus, this work examines the impact of various material models for the brain on the biomechanical response of the brain tissues during the mechanical loading described by Hardy et al. The study compares the inhomogeneous models with the separation of gray and white matter against the homogeneous models, i.e., without the gray/white matter separation. The developed model along with its verification aims to establish a further benchmark in finite element head modelling for children and can potentially provide new insights into injury mechanisms.

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Section: Injury Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Injury Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Biomechanics of a Child’s Head: Problems, Challenges and Possibilities with a New aHEAD Finite Element Model

et al. 2020

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“…Similar gradual progression should also be applied to cognitive activities, especially in cases where mental activities exacerbate the symptoms. General preventive measures in commuting and playing sports should be exercised regularly [5].…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of respiratory depression as Table 3. Diagnostic features of primary TBI manifestations [5,13,31]. [32][33][34].…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most definitions agreed to refer to the constellation of clinical symptoms measured by mainly neurologic and cognitive dysfunctions and not exclusively evident in mild TBI [4,5]. However, other definitions associate concussion with sports [6,7], and although there are fundamental overlapping parameters, several areas of multiplicity impede the development of a universally accepted definition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Traumatic Brain Injury in Children

Wati¹

2021

Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children occurs as a result of a sudden bump, roll, or jerk to the head or a penetrating injury to the head that interferes the normal brain function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. More than half a million children present annually to the emergency department for TBI-related visits, and resulting in the death of >7,000 children annually in the United States, with highest incident rates seen in children aged 0–4 years and adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. In Indonesia, from Riskesdas data in 2013 shows the incidence of head trauma in children is about 0.5% of the population from other injury rates. Pediatric TBI is associated with an array of negative outcomes, including impaired cognitive and academic abilities, social impairments, and behavioral problems. The scalp is highly vascularized and a potential cause of lethal blood loss. Even a small loss of blood volume can lead to hemorrhagic shock in a newborn, infant, and toddler, which may occur without apparent external bleeding.

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