2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00803.x
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Pelvic floor: anatomy and function

Abstract: The pelvic floor is a dome-shaped striated muscular sheet that encloses the bladder, uterus, and rectum, and, together with the anal sphincters, has an important role in regulating storage and evacuation of urine and stool. This article reviews the anatomy, nerve supply, pharmacology, and functions of the anal sphincters and the pelvic floor. The internal and external anal sphincters are primarily responsible for maintaining faecal continence at rest and when continence is threatened, respectively. Defecation … Show more

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Cited by 191 publications
(167 citation statements)
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“…Supra spinal and parasympathetic pathways are implicated in the modulation of RAIR. We suspect that the sacral parasympathics may be involved in the SMR as evidenced by modulation of puborectalis through stimulation of sacral plexus (2,13). Future studies of the SMR in patients with neurological conditions and lower bowel dysfunction may demonstrate pathophysiological changes, much like the alterations in RAIR seen in patients with Hirschsprung's disease (20) and spinal cord injury (1).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Supra spinal and parasympathetic pathways are implicated in the modulation of RAIR. We suspect that the sacral parasympathics may be involved in the SMR as evidenced by modulation of puborectalis through stimulation of sacral plexus (2,13). Future studies of the SMR in patients with neurological conditions and lower bowel dysfunction may demonstrate pathophysiological changes, much like the alterations in RAIR seen in patients with Hirschsprung's disease (20) and spinal cord injury (1).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…28 At best, these figures are estimates because they were partly obtained from complex studies in which anal resting pressure was sequentially recorded before surgery (ie, abdominoperineal resection), after curarization, and in the resected specimen before and after verapamil. 29 Similar to non-HRM, normal values for anal resting pressure measured with HRM is dependent on sex and age. The maximal resting sphincter pressure is significantly lower in women than in men.…”
Section: Resting Anal Sphincter Pressurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…29 This resting or tonic activity is partly maintained by the fiber distribution, ie, type 1 (ie, fatigue-resistant, slow twitch) fibers predominate in the human anal sphincter, as opposed to type 2 or fast-twitch muscle fibers in cats and rabbits. The clinical significance of low squeeze duration measured with HR-ARM is unknown.…”
Section: Duration Of Squeezementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fecal continence is maintained by anatomic factors, anorectal sensation, and rectal compliance [16] . Problems with continence and defecation can arise from an extrinsic disorder involving the central or peripheral nervous systems; from an intrinsic disorder of the colon, rectum, or anal sphincters; or from a combination of these mechanisms.…”
Section: Normal Continence and Defecationmentioning
confidence: 99%