“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

Chiaraviglio, Luca; Rossetti, Simone; Saida, Sara; Bartoletti, Stefania; Bléfari-Melazzi, Nicola

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057237

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…There have been many research efforts on assessing the EMF exposure based on measurements [9]- [15] and simulations [16]- [18] in the past years. In general, the EMF exposure originates from two possible sources, i.e., (i) uplink signal from user equipment (UE), and (ii) downlink signal from BSs [19].…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comparison of human exposure in terms of SAR and PD under different wireless technologies was performed in [17]. Recently, the effect of massive MIMO on the EMF exposure has been further studied in [18], where the authors revealed that the pencil beamforming could be beneficial for network throughput and reduce the EMF level. However, the simulation studies in [16]- [18] considered the standard regular hexagonal model for BS locations, which is not sufficiently accurate for the current BS deployment that requires irregular network topologies due to the variation demand of network capacity and various communication environments, e.g., residential areas, high-rise building, and rural areas.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the effect of massive MIMO on the EMF exposure has been further studied in [18], where the authors revealed that the pencil beamforming could be beneficial for network throughput and reduce the EMF level. However, the simulation studies in [16]- [18] considered the standard regular hexagonal model for BS locations, which is not sufficiently accurate for the current BS deployment that requires irregular network topologies due to the variation demand of network capacity and various communication environments, e.g., residential areas, high-rise building, and rural areas. While the system-level simulation is straightforward in design, it requires extensive computational time and resources, and it does not transparently provide insight into the system parameters.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

et al. 2021

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Deploying sub-6 GHz macro-cell networks overlaid by millimeter wave (MMW) small-cells is a promising method to accommodate the unprecedented growth of data traffic demands and user devices. Although such a hybrid network could provide seamless connectivity and achieve high-quality services, there is a need to ensure that the growing number of base stations (BSs) does not affect biological safety, especially when the BSs are operated at high frequencies. This paper focuses on an analytical framework to investigate the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in a cellular network with coexisting sub-6 GHz and MMW BSs using a stochastic geometry approach. Locations of sub-6 GHz and MMW BSs are modeled as Poisson point processes (PPP). By incorporating different channel propagation, antenna, and fading models for sub-6 GHz and MMW tiers, the incident power density (IPD) coverage probability and the average IPD are derived and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The impact of various system parameters such as BS density, number of antenna elements, and blockage density are investigated to gain insights on the network scenario. The results demonstrate that the variation of the EMF exposure level closely depends on the BS density and the number of antennas deployed at the BS. The results also show that the receiver sensitivity has a significant impact on the average IPD. For the same receiver sensitivity, it is revealed that an MMW user is exposed to a higher average IPD level than the sub-6 GHz counterpart. The results are also compared with the existing international regulations.INDEX TERMS Electromagnetic field (EMF), millimeter wave, sub-6 GHz, stochastic geometry, Poisson point process, incident power density.

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Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

et al. 2021

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“…We have performed a preliminary analysis for the impact of pencil beamforming on the QoS of 5G networks and the ElectroMagnetic field (EMF) exposure. To this aim, an open-source simulator has been developed [9] that is able to synthesize the traffic beams for each gNB, both in direction and beamwidth, by exploiting user equipment (UE) localization accuracy. Each beam is directed towards the centre of a circular area in which the UE is assumed to be, where the diameter Table I presents the values of the average EMF [V/m] and the average throughput [Mbps] according to different location uncertainty levels.…”

Section: B Network-centric Location-based Analyticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Location-Based Analytics in 5G and Beyond

et al. 2021

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Location-based analytics will enable a plethora of new services for 5G verticals and will empower the optimized use of network resources. Such analytics build on enhanced 5G positioning obtained through new positioning signals and procedures defined within 5G standardization, together with the integration of heterogeneous technologies for achieving sub-meter accuracy. This paper proposes an end-to-end architecture integrated within the 5G network infrastructure to provide locationbased analytics as a service. We also present an overview of cutting-edge applications in 5G and beyond, focusing on people-centric and network-centric location-based analytics.

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“…On the one hand, most of the works are carried out in outdoor scenarios and present EMF assessments focused on the downlink (DL) of a 5G system. The work presented in Reference [6] proposed a simulation technique to assess EMF exposure in 5G cellular systems operating at sub-6 GHz frequencies. The novelty of their work is that they propose a localization-enhanced pencil beamforming technique in which the traffic beams are tuned in accordance with the uncertainty localization levels of the User Equipment (UE) in the DL configuration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments

Celaya-Echarri

Azpilicueta

Rodríguez-Corbo

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected.

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“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

Location-Based Analytics in 5G and Beyond

Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments

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