Penetration of Mouse and Rat Skin by "Schistosoma mansoni" cercariae

Lincicome, David Richard; Eni, E. U.; Stirewált, M. A.

doi:10.2307/1293032

Cited by 3 publications

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“…With the ring method of infection used in the present experiments Smithers & Terry (1965 a) have shown, for instance, that more than 40% of the invading cercariae can be recovered as adults from mice and rhesus monkeys, but recoveries from rats are much lower. The lower recovery of adult worms from rats than from mice is not due to a smaller proportion of cercariae entering the skin of rats (Lincicome et al 1963).…”

Section: Comparison Of the Proportion Of Cercariae Which Die In The Smentioning

confidence: 83%

Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin

Clegg

Smithers

1968

Parasitology

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A large percentage of the cercariae ofSchistosoma mansonidie while penetrating the abdominal skin of rats or mice but relatively few cercariae die in the skin of hamsters.Comparison of hamsters and mice infected from the same pool of cercariae showed that the higher percentage of cercariae recovered as adult worms from hamsters than from mice was due to the lower percentage of cercariae which died during penetration of hamster skin.In similar comparisons of rats with mice the lower percentage of adult worms recovered from rats was not entirely accounted for by the higher percentage of cercariae which died in rat skin. Losses of schistosomula at later stages of development are apparently higher in rats than in mice.Cercariae die within 10 min after beginning to penetrate the skin of mice. At this stage the cercariae, which are now termed schistosomula, are attempting to penetrate the Malpighian layer of the epidermis. Five minutes later many schistosomula have entered the dermis.The cause of death of cercariae has not been determined. It is not related to the development of sensitivity to water which accompanies the transition from cercaria to schistosomulum. Sensitivity to water appears much sooner after penetration in some cercariae than in others; even after 30 min in the skin some cercariae can tolerate a return to water.In rats, hyper-immunized by a series of infections with cercariae through the abdominal skin, the percentage of challenging cercariae which die in the abdominal skin shows a slight increase over controls. No further mortality of schistosomula occurs during the next 24 h.Age resistance to infection withS. mansonicould not be demonstrated in comparisons of young mice (1 month) with old mice (1 year) of the Parkes and CBA strain.We should like to thank Dr F. Hawking for performing the skin biopsies on the dogs and Mrs P. Clark and Miss J. Marsh for their excellent technical assistance.

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Section: Comparison Of the Proportion Of Cercariae Which Die In The Smentioning

confidence: 83%

Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin

Clegg

Smithers

1968

Parasitology

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“…As discussed by Lincicome (1963), Lewis's balance hypothesis of parasitism may well express the key to variable host susceptibilities of this kind: 'There is, in a sense, a sort of balance in the host between the substances that inhibit and the substances that promote the growth of the parasite.' When this balance is tilted one way or the other, the host environment for the parasite changes, and the developmental pattern of the parasite reflects the change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in four strains of mice

1965

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Penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni were compared in four strains of mice under controlled conditions, with the C3H as the reference strain. Differences were observed in (1) average numbers of cercariae penetrating, (2) percentage of individual mice penetrated by at least 90% of the available cercariae, (3) worm burdens, (4) maturation of penetrants, and (5) consistency of mice with reference to these characteristics. Criteria 2, 4 and 5 have not been evaluated in this way before.Best average penetration (47%), greatest consistency, and highest percentage of samples with at least 90% of the cercariae penetrating were in mice of the C3H strain (85%). Of the other strains the Swiss albino strain most resembled strain C3H. Beige and hairless mice were comparatively resistant to penetration since only 60 and 30% respectively of these hosts had at least 90% of the cercariae penetrating. Hairless mice gave the best average worm recovery (23%) and parasite maturation (53%) and beige the poorest (15 and 34%). Mice of the Swiss and beige strains were highly variable in terms of parasite maturation.The establishment of reproducible differences in infections of hosts at the sub-specific level provides basic information for investigation of factors which influence penetration and maturation and which are thus involved in host specificity and innate resistance in closely related animals.The authors are grateful to Dr Margaret Deringer, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, for the hairless mice and to Mildred Walters, Naval Medical Research Institute, for assistance in the production of cercariae.

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“…Biochemical studies have shown that enzymes contained in extracts of whole cercariae or isolated from cercarial preacetabular-gland secretions can degrade a variety of synthetic or natural substrates, including Azocoll and gelatin (Lewert & Lee, 1954;Stirewalt & Austin, 1973), casein (Gazzinelli et al, 1966;Dresden & Asch, 1972), collagen (McKerrow & Jeong, 1982, elastin (Gazzinelli et al, 1966;Dresden & Asch, 1972;Werb et al, 1982), keratin (Gazzinelli et al, 1966;Dresden & Lewis, 1977), proteoglycan (Landsperger et al, 1982) and macromolecular components of extracellular matrix . Nevertheless, a fairly high percentage of cercariae experimentally introduced on to the skin of mice and rats fails to enter the hosts (Lincicome et al, 1963;Smithers & Terry, 1965). Many schistosomules die within the epidermis, the most Abbreviations used: Bz-Arg-Nap .HCl, a-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide hydrochloride; PMSF, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride; al-PI, a2-proteinase inhibitor; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial purification and characterization of an inhibitor from newborn-rat epidermis with activity against the proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae

Tzeng¹,

McKerrow²,

Jeong³

et al. 1982

Biochemical Journal

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The penetration of cercariae through the skin initiates infection of the host with the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Many larvae fail to migrate into the living epidermal cell layer. In order to determine if chemical as well as mechanical barriers to cercarial skin penetration exist, inhibitory activity of epidermal cell extracts against the proteinase obtained from cercarial secretions was assayed. An inhibitor was purified 50-fold by gel filtration on Sephadex G 75 and cation exchange chromatography at pH 5.8 and 4.9. The inhibitor has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of approx. 40 000-53 000. Oxidation of the inhibitor with N-chlorosuccinimide eliminated its inhibitory activity and thus indicated a critical methionine residue. The inhibitor was active against a wide spectrum of serine proteinases: porcine pancreatic elastase, human granulocyte elastase, bovine trypsin, and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. However, no inhibition was detected against papain or clostridial collagenase. The inhibitor did not cross react with antiserum to human or rat serum alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.

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Penetration of Mouse and Rat Skin by "Schistosoma mansoni" cercariae

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin

Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin

Comparison of penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in four strains of mice

Partial purification and characterization of an inhibitor from newborn-rat epidermis with activity against the proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae

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