Pentraxins as Key Disease Markers for Periodontal Diagnosis

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are characterized by a complex set of biologic interactions between a diverse and dynamic microbial ecosystem and the host’s multifaceted and responsive immune and inflammatory machinery. Such interactions between microbial pathogens and various host response systems play a critical role in the development and progression of periodontal disease via the release of inflammatory and immune mediators. Advances in periodontal disease diagnostic are moving toward methods whereby periodontal risk can be identified and quantified by detecting such inflammatory mediators in its sequential pathophysiology. Pentraxins (PTXs) are classical mediators of inflammation and markers of acute-phase reaction. They are a super family of multifunctional molecules characterized by multimeric structure, divided into “short” PTXs and “long” PTXs. C-reactive protein (CRP) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) are prototypic molecules of the short and long PTX family, respectively. Evidence suggests that PTXs acts as a non-redundant component of the humoral arm of innate immunity, downstream of, and complementary to, cellular recognition, as well as a tuner of inflammation. CRP is a cheaper biomarker and more readily available in everyday clinical practice compared with other inflammatory markers, on the other hand, PTX3 is believed to be the true independent indicator of disease activity and could have clinical implication in diagnosing the “at site” inflammatory status of the periodontal disease. These pentraxins are sensitive and specific in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic diseases. Thus the pentraxins could be used as preferred biomarkers in periodontal disease diagnosis.

Salivary Microbiota and Host-Inflammatory Responses in Periodontitis Affected Individuals With and Without Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Interestingly, in line with our findings, pentraxin-3 has recently been suggested as a novel biomarker for RA diagnosis and a sensitive indicator of clinical arthritic activity in RA when compared to conventional diagnostic marker C-reactive protein (Qiu et al, 2021). Pentraxin-3, has also been suggested to be a key biomarker for periodontal disease diagnosis (Kathariya et al, 2013), which is supported by our previous findings that salivary levels of pentraxin-3 in combination with specific ASVs (belonging to Streptococcus sp., Selenomonas sp., and Treponema spp.) could discriminate between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls (Lundmark et al, 2019).…”

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in stroke patients – The importance in consideration of influence of multiple factors in the predictability for disease severity and death

“…The pentraxins are an ancient family of proteins with a unique architecture found as far back in evolution as the Horseshoe crab. CRP structure is strong phylogenetic conservation and high resistance to proteolysis [28]. Therefore, it is relative stable and easy to be measured.…”

Resistin: A Potential Biomarker for Periodontitis Influenced Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Induced Periodontitis

“…Biomarkers like CRP [12], pentraxin-3 [13, 14], visfatin [15, 16], cystatin [17], and resistin [18] were evaluated for their presence in periodontitis relating to chronic kidney diseases [19] and diabetes [20]. …”