Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) anther culture: fundamentalresearch and practical applications

Abstract

IntroductionIn general, haploid cells or individuals are those in which the original chromosome number has reduced by half. According to Seguí-Simarro (2010), androgenesis can be defined as a set of biological processes leading to an individual that genetically originated exclusively from a male nucleus. After spontaneous or induced genome doubling, double haploids (DHs) that are completely homozygous are obtained. The production of haploid plants can be induced by methods such as parthenogenesis, interspecific hybridization, pollination with irradiated pollen, hormonal and/or chemical treatment, and application of high-temperature stress (Forster et al., 2007;Murovec and Bohanec, 2013). In anther culture, haploids and DHs occur through direct microspore embryogenesis. This technique has no analogue for fast creation of pure homozygous lines in a single step. In pepper-plant breeding, for example, this method has helped in the development of important new varieties with improved adaptability, productivity, and disease and pest tolerance (Chunling and Baojun, 1995;Venczel and Mitykó, 1995;Arnedo Andrés et al., 2004;Nervo et al., 2007). DH lines are a suitable material for genetic and molecular studies, and this determines their high value in molecular breeding as well (Madhusudhana, 2015).Regarding the genus Capsicum, the first haploids were derived by in vitro anther culture of C. annuum and C.

The Assessment of Androgenic Response of Two Nematode Resistant Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes

“…It has been reported by Irikova et al (2011) that in order to assist restoration of recessive mutations and unique genetic recombination in breeding program, haploid plant production is also useful. The same importance has been emphasized by Irikova et al (2016). They stated that sometimes haploid lines are incorporated in breeding projects for gene mapping and in detection of convenient recessive mutation.…”

“…This is closer to our Alata 2096 genotype (in no cold treatment) which had about 20% of SDH. Double haploid lines are invaluable elements in modern breeding methods due to their guaranteed and completely homozygous nature (Irikova et al, 2016). It is important to produce considerable number of genetically stable lines like double haploid (DH).…”

“…Afterward they were transferred to the growth chamber at 28°C with a periodicity 8 hours dark over 16 hours light. And by quoting Irikova et al (2016), a shorter period of incubation in darkness decrease callus formation. Stated differently, it promotes the direct pathway over the indirect pathway.…”

“…The fundamental in this process is the successful emancipation of embryo-like structure. And the acquisition of embryogenic potential is one of three phases that constitutes androgenic development along with, induction of cell division and formation of structure (Irikova et al, 2016). By using the same procedure as Keleş et al (2015) and Arı et al (2016), 15 cm glass tubes containing hormone-free MS nutrient medium were used as transfer container for all embryos obtained from anthers cultured.…”

Androgenic studies in the production of haploids and doubled haploids in Capsicum spp.

“…There are several techniques for obtaining haploids -in vivo and in vitro methodologies (Figure 1). The most used methods are gynogenesis and androgenesis (Irikova et al, 2016). Gynogenesis involves female gametophytes (ovules and ovaries), and androgenesis uses male gametes (anthers and microspores) to generate haploids.…”