Pepper mild mottle virus in wastewater in Egypt: a potential indicator of wastewater pollution and the efficiency of the treatment process

Hamza, Hazem; Rizk, N.; Gad, Mahmoud; Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed

doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04383-x

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…3 ) relative to the results of other assays make these target more representative for conducting comparisons with E. coli . This persistent presence is consistent with various longitudinal studies previously performed ( Ballesté et al, 2019 ; Farkas et al, 2018 ; Farkas et al, 2019 ; Hamza et al, 2019 ; Nour et al, 2021 ; Schmitz et al, 2016 ; Tandukar, Sherchan & Haramoto, 2020 ; Worley-Morse et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Garcia

Jankowski

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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We investigated the potential use and quantification of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA (Adenovirus and crAssphage) and RNA enteric viruses (Pepper mild mottle virus, Norovirus genogroups GI and GII, Rotavirus Astrovirus, and Sapovirus) as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantified in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays. Overall, the average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.1023 and 0.9921) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for DNA and RNA viruses and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction (p-value ≤ 0.0438) of Adenovirus and Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII was observed in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage per volume. Higher GCNs of enteric viruses were observed in dewatered sludge samples compared to liquid samples in terms of volume (g of sample) and biomass (ng of nucleic acids). Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA, indicating that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Viruses such as Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII, and Rotavirus were detected during colder months. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used confidently as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Garcia

Jankowski

et al. 2022

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3 ) relative to the results of other assays make these target more representative for conducting comparisons with E. coli . This persistent presence is consistent with various longitudinal studies previously performed (Ballesté, et al, 2019; Farkas, et al, 2018; Farkas, et al, 2019; Hamza et al, 2019; Nour, et al, 2021; Schmitz et al, 2016; Tandukar et al, 2020; Worley□Morse et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quantitation of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Garcia

Jankowski

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We investigated the potential use and quantitation of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA and RNA enteric viruses, as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantitated in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays.The average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.0547 and 0.7986) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for Adenovirus and crAssphage (DNA viruses), Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (RNA virus), and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction of these enteric viruses was observed consistently in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage. Corresponding reductions in gene copies per volume and gene copies per biomass were also seen for uidA but were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.8769 and p-value = 0.6353, respectively). The higher gene copy numbers of enteric viruses and E. coli observed in the effluents may be associated with the 12-hour hydraulic retention time in the facility. Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA. This indicate that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.

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“…The data were in agreement with previous studies conducted in Egypt 55 and USA 53 . Molecular methods are rapid and reliable techniques for the detection and quantitation of viruses in environmental samples, but the presence of inhibitory substances in the sample itself could cause this variation during analysis 55 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Tandukar

Sherchan

Haramoto

2020

Sci Rep

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this study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (pMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (tMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. in addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, Jc and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative pcR. indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (p <0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log 10) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log 10) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log 10). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are currently facing numerous issues regarding insufficient treatment of human enteric viruses during the treatment process 1. Although a number of treatment procedures to remove physical, chemical, and microbiological waste from sewage are performed, these processess still need to be improved to reduce the viral content of water 2. The advanced multiple-barrier concept has been proposed for wastewater reclamation and reuse; however, it is insufficient to achieve complete reduction of human enteric viruses 3,4. In fact, advanced wastewater treatment has been developed to achieve reduction of viruses by facilitating chemical clarification, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation at different levels of regulatory control 5. However, despite implementing these modifications, the efficiency with which treatment can reduce viral levels in wastewater is still unsatisfactory. Moreover, no authorized regulatory standard for the reduction of viruses in wastewater treatment has yet been established 6. Human enteric viruses are the leading cause of waterborne illnesses and usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route 5-7. Infected individuals discharge millions of viral particles that ultimately enter sewage systems 7. In this context, it is important to study the efficiency of virus reduction at WWTPs to ascertain whether all viruses are removed from effluent samples or not. Fecal indicator bacteria, such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli, are not reliable indicators of the presence and removal of human enteric viruses during wastewa...

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Pepper mild mottle virus in wastewater in Egypt: a potential indicator of wastewater pollution and the efficiency of the treatment process

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Quantitation of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

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