Perceptual and Cognitive Processes in Different States of Consciousness: The Waking State and Hypnosis

Fromm, Erika; Oberlander, Mark I.; Gruenewald, Doris

doi:10.1080/0091651x.1970.10380270

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It continues a phenomenological tradition in hypnosis research as espoused by Fromm (Fromm, Oberlander & Gruenewald, 1970), Shor (1979), Sheehan and McConkey (1982), and "interactive-phenomenological approaches" to hypnotism (Banyai, 1991;McConkey, 1991;Nadon, Laurence and Perry, 1991;Sheehan, 1991), as delineated in Lynn & Rhue's Theories of Hypnosis (1991). However, I believe this approach assesses subjective experience in a more comprehensive fashion (see Pekala, 1991a;Pekala, 2009a) than has been previously done.…”

Section: The Methodologymentioning

confidence: 95%

Reply to Wagstaff: “Hypnosis and the Relationship between Trance, Suggestion, Expectancy, and Depth: Some Semantic and Conceptual Issues”

Pekala

2011

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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Wagstaff (2010) reviews and comments on two recent papers by Pekala et al. (2010a, 2010b), concluding that "many of the problems relating to the definition and conceptualization of terms associated with hypnosis... may stem from insufficient attention to the role of suggestion and expectancies in producing hypnotic phenomena, and an over-reliance on the role of the procedures and mechanics of the induction process" (p. 47). Although I agree with his semantic and conceptual focus, I believe that a number of these problems are due to not operationally defining terms such as hypnosis, hypnotic state, or trance in a comprehensive phenomenological manner. By using the PCI (Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory) via retrospective phenomenological assessment, and using a phenomenological state instrument like the PCI-HAP (Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory - Hypnotic Assessment Procedure) to obtain a state measure of hypnotic responsiveness, a means is available to define and empirically address some of these issues in a way that can significantly further our understanding of the nature of hypnotism. Such an approach might also address Kallio and Revonsuo's (2005) admonition concerning the need to develop "an internally coherent and widely shared theoretical vocabulary" (p. 51) to better understand consciousness, altered states of consciousness, and related phenomena, such as hypnosis/hypnotism.

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Section: The Methodologymentioning

confidence: 95%

Reply to Wagstaff: “Hypnosis and the Relationship between Trance, Suggestion, Expectancy, and Depth: Some Semantic and Conceptual Issues”

Pekala

2011

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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“…1960;Allison, 1967;Bachrach, 1968;Cohen. I96 1;Dudek, 1968;Fishman, 1973;Fromm, Oberlander, & Gruenwald, 1970;Levin, 1973;Maupin, 1965;Pine. 1959;Pine & Holt, 1960;Silver, 1974;Wagner, 1972).…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…1966bFromm, Oberlander & Gruenwald, 1970;Kalsched, 1972;Levin, 1973;Wagner, 1972). Studies of private adaptive regression which included measures of shaping consistently failed to find a positive relationship (Ackman, 1960;Allison, 1967;Fromm et al, 1970;Levin, 1973;Silver, 1974;Wagner, 1972). One negative relationship (Ackman, 1960) was outweighed by the other studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Regression of Two Types

Rosegrant

1980

Journal of Personality Assessment

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Adaptive regression is considered to be of two types: a relatively uncommunicable private type and a relatively communicable public type. Private adaptive regression was operationalized by hypnotic suggestibility and by a questionnaire. Public adaptive regression was operationalized by two measures of esthetic sensitivity. It was hypothesized that the psychodynamics of the two types are as follows: Hypothesis 1: Private adaptive regression involves engaging in primary process because of secondary process motivation. Hypothesis 2: Public adaptive regression involves engaging in primary process because of secondary process motivation. Hypothesis 3: Public adaptive regression involves secondary process shaping of primary process to a greater extent than does private adaptive regression. Measures of engaging in primary process were derived from inkblot responses. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported: Hypothesis 2 was not.

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“…When looking at primary process mentation, Gruenewald, Fromm, and Oberlander (1979) concluded: "[T]he outcome of the investigation indicates facilitation of access to primary process ideation and differences in the organization of thought processes in hypnosis" (p. 633). Fromm, Oberlander, and Gruenewald (1970) reported "that hypnosis per se will make primary process material more accessible" (p. 386), and Nash (1987) wrote that "some evidence suggests that during hypnosis, there is an increase in primary process thinking and a more spontaneous and intense expression of affect, unburdened by logic or sequential thinking" (p. 50). In support of that, a very recently published study by Christensen, Barabasz, and Barabasz (2009), when comparing lows (scores of 3 or less on the SHSS:C) versus reals (scores of 9 to 12 on the SHSS:C), found that "hypnotizable participants (reals) exposed to hypnosis for age regression are significantly more likely to display child-like primary process affective behaviors than simulating counterparts" (p. 413).…”

Section: Hypnotism and Imagery Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trance State Effects and Imagery Vividness Before and During a Hypnotic Assessment:A Preliminary Study

Pekala

Maurer

Kumar

et al. 2010

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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This preliminary study explored the relationship between imagery vividness before and during a hypnotic phenomenological assessment procedure, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory-Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP), while also assessing trance (hypnoidal) state effects and several other variables. The PCI-HAP allows the assessment of trance state effects associated with hypnotism to be quantified and statistically assessed. The 102 subjects completed the PCI-HAP along with several other questionnaire items. Correlational and regression analyses suggested that imagery vividness during hypnotism (hypnotic imagoic suggestibility) was predicted by combined imagery vividness before hypnotism and trance (altered) state effects during hypnotism. When measuring several additional variables, imagery vividness during hypnotism was found to be a function of self-reported hypnotic depth and additional other variables. The usefulness of these results for better understanding imagery vividness before and during hypnotism is discussed.

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Perceptual and Cognitive Processes in Different States of Consciousness: The Waking State and Hypnosis

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Reply to Wagstaff: “Hypnosis and the Relationship between Trance, Suggestion, Expectancy, and Depth: Some Semantic and Conceptual Issues”

Reply to Wagstaff: “Hypnosis and the Relationship between Trance, Suggestion, Expectancy, and Depth: Some Semantic and Conceptual Issues”

Adaptive Regression of Two Types

Trance State Effects and Imagery Vividness Before and During a Hypnotic Assessment:A Preliminary Study

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