“…1). Fine needles puncture the skin, resulting in increased dermal elastin and collagen, collagen remodeling, and thickening of the epidermis and dermis (Aust et al, 2008a, Aust et al, 2010a, Aust et al, 2010b, Aust et al, 2011, Fabbrocini et al, 2011a, Fernandes, 2005, Fernandes and Signorini, 2008, Kim et al, 2011, Park et al, 2012, Schwarz and Laaff, 2011). Additionally, skin needling creates small channels, which increase the absorption of topically applied preparations (Badran et al, 2009, Kalluri et al, 2011), a property which has been used in various dermatological treatments (Bencini et al, 2012, Budamakuntla et al, 2013, Clementoni et al, 2010, Fabbrocini et al, 2011b, Fabbrocini et al, 2014a, Kang et al, 2008, Torezan et al, 2013, Yoon et al, 2008, Yoon et al, 2010).…”