Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in river waters of central Italy: monthly variation and Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA)

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a wide class of emerging pollutants still under study. In this work, we developed and validate a sensitive analytical method based on HPLC-MS/MS for the determination of 21 PFCs. This method was then used to investigate the presence of the target PFCs in six rivers in central Italy during a 4-months long monitoring campaign. 73% of the analytical determinations resulted higher than the limit of detection (LOD). The ∑21PFCs ranged from 4.3 to 68.5 ng L− 1 with the highest concentrations measured in June month, due to a minor river streamflow occurring in the warm periods. Between the individual congeners, PFBA and PFPeA, followed by PFHxA and PFOA were the predominant congeners detected. The evidence that short and medium chain PFCs (C4-C9) prevail over the long chain PFCs (C10-C18) could be attributed to the increased use and higher solubility of short chain PFCs compared to long chain PFCs. The ecological risk assessment, conducted by using risk quotient (RQ) method, highlighted that for PFBA, PFPeA, PFBS, PFHxA and PFOA the risk for aquatic environments was low or negligible. Only for PFOA there was a medium risk in 2 rivers in June month. As regard PFOS, 54% of the river water samples were classified as “high risk” for the aquatic environment. The remaining 46% of the samples were classified as “medium risk”.