Perfluorocarbons and their use in cooling systems for semiconductor particle detectors

Vacek, V.; Hallewell, G.; Ilie, S.; Lindsay, S. W.

doi:10.1016/s0378-3812(00)00426-x

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The selected refrigerant, C 3 F 8 , is nonflammable, non-conductive and radiation resistant [12,13]. It has a good heat-transfer coefficient and a small vapour specific volume allowing minimal tube sizes.…”

Section: Description Of the Sct Cooling Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The integration and engineering of the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker Barrel

Abdesselam¹,

Allport²,

Anastopoulos³

et al. 2008

J. Inst.

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The ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) was built in three sections: a barrel and two end-caps. This paper describes the design, construction and final integration of the barrel section. The barrel is constructed around four nested cylinders that provide a stable and accurate support structure for the 2112 silicon modules and their associated services. The emphasis of this paper is directed at the aspects of engineering design that turned a concept into a fully-functioning detector, as well as the integration and testing of large sub-sections of the final SCT barrel detector. The paper follows the chronology of the construction. The main steps of the assembly are described with the results of intermediate tests. The barrel service components were developed and fabricated in parallel so that a flow of detector modules, cooling loops, opto-harnesses and Frequency-Scanning-Interferometry (FSI) alignment structures could be assembled onto the four cylinders. Once finished, each cylinder was conveyed to the next site for the mounting of modules to form a complete single barrel. Extensive electrical and thermal function tests were carried out on the completed single barrels. In the next stage, the four single barrels and thermal enclosures were combined into the complete SCT barrel detector so that it could be integrated with the Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) barrel to form the central part of the ATLAS inner detector. Finally, the completed SCT barrel was tested together with the TRT barrel in noise tests and using cosmic rays. KEYWORDS: Particle tracking detectors; Solid state detectors; Detector design and construction technologies and materials; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics.

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Section: Description Of the Sct Cooling Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The integration and engineering of the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker Barrel

Abdesselam¹,

Allport²,

Anastopoulos³

et al. 2008

J. Inst.

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“…The cooling fluid must be radiation resistant and have good dielectric properties. Several fluorinated hydrocarbons have been investigated (Vacek et al 2000). Experimental tests have identified octafluoropropane (C 3 F 8 ) as the most suitable fluid for current operations.…”

Section: The Presently-configured Atlas Id Fluorocarbon Evaporative Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thermosiphon Cooling System of the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Battistin

Berry

Bitadze

et al. 2015

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering

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The silicon tracker of the ATLAS experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider will operate around -15°C to minimize the effects of radiation damage. The present cooling system is based on a conventional evaporative circuit, removing around 60 kW of heat dissipated by the silicon sensors and their local electronics. The compressors in the present circuit have proved less reliable than originally hoped, and will be replaced with a thermosiphon. The working principle of the thermosiphon uses gravity to circulate the coolant without any mechanical components (compressors or pumps) in the primary coolant circuit. The fluorocarbon coolant will be condensed at a temperature and pressure lower than those in the on-detector evaporators, but at a higher altitude, taking advantage of the 92 m height difference between the underground experiment and the services located on the surface. An extensive campaign of tests, detailed in this paper, was performed using two smallscale thermosiphon systems. These tests confirmed the design specifications of the full-scale plant and demonstrated operation over the temperature range required for ATLAS. During the testing phase the system has demonstrated unattended long-term stable running over a period of several weeks. The commissioning of the full scale thermosiphon is ongoing, with full operation planned for late 2015.

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“…All these thermophysical properties were obtained using the REFPROP database [35] with provisional data files, and were correlated with previously published measurements realized with fluorinerts and mixtures of fluorinerts [36,37]. The refrigerant mass flow rate can be derived directly from parameter π 8 , which is defined in standard power law form, Eq.…”

Section: Mass Flow Correlation Based On the Power Law Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass flow rate correlation for two-phase flow of R218 through a capillary tube

Vinš

Vacek

2009

Applied Thermal Engineering

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This paper presents some experimental results of refrigerant two-phase flow through a capillary tube. The data was obtained for fluorinert refrigerant R218, which is used in some special vapor cooling circuits, e.g. in various particle detectors at the CERN international research centre. An analytical correlation for mass flow rate of R218 was prepared on the bases of dimensionless parameters derived from the Buckingham π-theorem. Two approaches were compared: (a) the conventional power law function and (b) correlation determined with the use of an artificial neural network. Measured data were also correlated with other mass flow rate correlations presented in literature.

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Perfluorocarbons and their use in cooling systems for semiconductor particle detectors

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

The integration and engineering of the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker Barrel

The integration and engineering of the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker Barrel

The Thermosiphon Cooling System of the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Mass flow rate correlation for two-phase flow of R218 through a capillary tube

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