Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in sewage treatment plants

Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances in sewage sludge

“…K OC of PFOA ranged from 75 to 219 mL g -1 . As for PFOS, these values were very similar to some values previously reported (Higgins and Luthy, 2006;DuPont, 2003cited in Yu et al, 2009Milinovic et al, 2015), but much lower than those obtained by Yu et al (2009) and Arvaniti et al (2014). In contrast, pH and Ca+Mg content in the supernatants after sorption did not have a clear effect in the sorption of PFAS.…”

“…The linearity of the sorption isotherms was quantitatively confirmed by fitting parameter N of the Freundlich model, which was close to 1 (Table 3). with previous results (Zhang et al, 2013), in which K d values for PFOA ranged from 13 -68 mL g -1 , while K d values up to one order of magnitude higher were obtained by other authors (Yu et al, 2009;Zhou et al, 2010;Arvaniti et al, 2012;Arvaniti et al, 2014), as already discussed for PFOS. However, our results agreed with the finding that PFOA had a lower sorption affinity for sludge than PFOS.…”

Spatiotemporal distribution and mass loadings of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River of China

“…No obvious seasonal variations in PFAS concentrations were observed in the influents of WWTPs in USA (Loganathan et al, 2007), but contradictory results were found in the WWTPs from Singapore, with the PFOS and PFOA concentrations in the dry season higher than in the wet season (Yu et al, 2009). Seasonal variations in PFAS concentrations in water could be affected by many factors, such as the water flows, water quality properties, weather, and PFASs usage and discharge in the catchment.…”

“…Considering the concentrations of PFASs in the Yangtze River in the two seasons were almost at the same level, but the water flow in the wet season is nearly four times higher than in the dry season, the mass loadings of PFASs discharged to Yangtze River would be much higher in summer. One possible contribution source is from the runoff in rainy days (nonpoint source pollution) which might carry PFASs (Yu et al, 2009). …”

Spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in coastal waters from the East to South China Sea

“…Because of their chemical characteristics, including extraordinary stability, hydrophobicity, oleophobicity and surfactant characteristics, many PFCs have been broadly applied to industrial and domestic production in the past half-century (OECD, 2002;Prevedouros et al, 2006). PFCs are used in numerous products, such as textile protectors, coatings, plastics, fire fighting foams, photolithography, electronic chemicals, shampoos, stain repellents for furniture, carpets and pesticides, or as fluoropolymer additives (Kissa, 2001;Guo et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2009). During the production and usage of these products, PFCs can be released into the environment, where they can bioaccumulate Houde et al, 2006) and have potentially adverse effects on humans and wildlife (Austin et al, 2003;Martin et al, 2003;Shi et al, 2008).…”