“…Currently, increasing attention is being given to the reinforcement of timber structures, and many scholars have proposed reinforcement methods for timber structures [ 1 , 2 ]. The TLC composite beam is a kind of structural component formed by combining lightweight concrete and timber, and it is not only used for new structures but also for reinforcement of existing timber structures [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The TLC composite beam consists of a lightweight concrete flange supported by a timber web, which is attached by different types of connectors.…”