“…France and Hungary are the leading nations in duck production (115,400 tons each), followed by Poland (67,800 tons) ( AVEC, 2023 ). In Poland, broiler duck housing lasts 6 to 8 wk, typically using intensive or semi-intensive systems, and is closely tied to the poultry feeding approach, crucial as it constitutes 65 to 70% of maintaining broilers' costs ( Gornowicz et al, 2011 ; Biesiada-Drzazga et al, 2018 ; Tanwiriah et al, 2019 ; Biesek et al, 2021 ; Banday et al, 2023 ). Because of increasing inflation, production costs related to the poultry industry are still increasing, particularly for feed components.…”