Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training

Volek, Jeff S.; Duncan, Noel D.; Mazzetti, Scott A.; Staron, Robert S.; Putukian, Margot; Gómez, Ana L.; Pearson, David R.; Fink, W. J.; Kraemer, William J.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199908000-00011

Cited by 302 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although syringeal muscle fiber diameters do scale positively with body mass (Figure 5), there is little comparative data to suggest that this is a trend across muscles in a variety of species. Furthermore, it is well known that testosterone can increase muscle fiber sizes up to 50% (e.g., Volek et al 1999, Sinha-Hikim et al 2002 as can resistance training with protein supplementation (Andersen et al 2005). Although male superfast fibers tended to be larger than those of females in all cases, this difference was only significant in Zebra Finch and Bengalese Finch.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Is sexual dimorphism in singing behavior related to syringeal muscle composition?

Christensen

Allred

Goller

et al. 2017

The Auk

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Is sexual dimorphism in singing behavior related to syringeal muscle composition?

Christensen

Allred

Goller

et al. 2017

The Auk

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“…It has been shown to be effective in enhancing strength and power performance and increasing lean body mass (25,31,33). Most studies examining creatine supplementation generally employed a week-long loading phase (20 gÁd 21 ) followed by daily maintenance doses (5 gÁd 21 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Pre-Exercise Energy Supplement on the Acute Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise

Hoffman

Ratamess

Ross

et al. 2008

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The effect of a pre-exercise energy sport drink on the acute hormonal response to resistance exercise was examined in eight experienced resistance trained men. Subjects were randomly provided either a placebo (P: maltodextrin) or the supplement (S: combination of branched chain amino acids, creatine, taurine, caffeine, and glucuronolactone). Subjects performed 6 sets of no more than 10 repetitions of the squat exercise at 75% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 minutes of rest between sets. Blood draws occurred at baseline pre-exercise, immediately post-(IP), 15 minutes post-(15P), and 30-minutes post (30P) exercise for measurement of serum growth hormone, total and free testosterone, cortisol, and insulin concentrations. Although significant differences were seen only at set 5, the total number of repetitions and training volume tended (p = 0.08) to be higher with S compared to P. Serum growth hormone and insulin concentrations were significantly higher at 15P and IP, respectively, in S compared to P. Results suggest that a pre-exercise energy S consumed 10 minutes before resistance exercise can enhance acute exercise performance by increasing the number of repetitions performed and the total volume of exercise. The enhanced exercise performance resulted in a significantly greater increase in both growth hormone and insulin concentrations, indicating an augmented anabolic hormone response to this pre-exercise S.

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“…A classic CR research study reported an increase in strength performance following 12 weeks of supplementation when combined with heavy resistance training (80% one repetition maximum) [34]. In this study, participants ingested 25 g/day CR for seven days (loading phase), followed by 5 g/day CR for the remainder of the study (maintenance phase).…”

Section: Creatine and Strength Trainingmentioning

confidence: 94%

An Update on Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Performance: A Review

Dorrell¹,

Gee²,

Middleton³

2016

Sports Nutr Ther

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Supplementary creatine, available in many different forms but most commonly monohydrate, is a legal and reportedly safe to consume nutritional ergogenic aid. After searching internationally recognised research databases, this review provides and update on the current literature on the physiological effects of creatine supplementation on performance whilst also discussing the underlying physiology regarding the synthesis and dietary provision of creatine as well as addressing issues of safety and the ethical considerations of usage. Research has shown that regular consumption of supplementary creatine can raise associated content within skeletal muscle. Subsequently, there is an extensive, and still growing, body of the literature supporting the efficacy of creatine supplementation on enhancing exercise performance, exercise tolerance, muscle strength and lean body mass. Moreover, little scientific evidence exists showing any unfavourable effects on individuals who are free from illness and disease. This review consolidates the current literature and provides application to the athletic setting which is purposeful for those choosing to either recommend or consume this nutritional ergogenic aid. At this current time, a traditional loading and maintenance supplementation protocol is advised as contemporary research studies are still to unravel the benefits of alternative approaches.

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Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training

Abstract: Creatine supplementation enhanced fat-free mass, physical performance, and muscle morphology in response to heavy resistance training, presumably mediated via higher quality training sessions.

Cited by 302 publications

References 27 publications

Is sexual dimorphism in singing behavior related to syringeal muscle composition?

Is sexual dimorphism in singing behavior related to syringeal muscle composition?

Effect of a Pre-Exercise Energy Supplement on the Acute Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise

An Update on Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Performance: A Review

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