Performance Characteristics of a Small Engine Fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Zain, Mohamad Shukri bin Mohd; Soid, Shahril Nizam bin Mohamed; Majid, Mior Firdaus bin Mior Abd; Zahelem, Mohd Nurhidayat

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05621-6_18

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The LPG direct injection system is rarely used because it directly interferes with the engine and combustion chamber [8,9]. The other two types are common.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hc Emission Stable and Power Optimation of the Motorcycle LPG Engine by Heat Transfer to the Injector

Tuấn

Tho

2023

AEJ

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This study was conducted on a motorcycle engine that already has bi-fuel, with liquid phase LPG injection. However, when conducting experiments on the concentration of substances in the exhaust gas, the results show that the concentration of hydrocarbon in the tests has different effects. It is possible to see a sudden high hydrocarbon concentration at some point in time. Over time, the nozzle tip will gradually form ice around the nozzle due to LPG evaporation and heat collection. When forming large lumps, this ice will break off and move into the combustion chamber. A part of ice has not yet mixed with the air to create an explosive mixture, and the combustion process is not completed. The solution proposed is to use the method of heat transfer to the nozzle body by an electronic heating device. The experiment measured brake power at the wheel, fuel consumption, and concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gas according to each controlled temperature to supply to the nozzle body. With this result, a suitable nozzle supply temperature is selected to ensure that the engine achieves the most optimal power and fuel consumption and eliminates the phenomenon of abnormal hydrocarbon concentration. From the test results, 30OC is the most suitable temperature when adjusting the heating device around the nozzle.

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“…The LPG direct injection system is rarely used because it directly interferes with the engine and combustion chamber [8,9]. The other two types are common.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hc Emission Stable and Power Optimation of the Motorcycle LPG Engine by Heat Transfer to the Injector

Tuấn

Tho

2023

AEJ

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“…Among the innovative applications in these drive units, electronic fuel supply systems can be included [29][30][31], as the liberal regulations concerning exhaust emissions, e.g., in the European Union (Regulation 2016/1628/EU), allow the use of carburetor power systems [28]. Other innovations relate to adaptive systems for operating conditions combined with systems regulating the supply of fuel-air mixture to the combustion chamber [32][33][34][35][36] or alternative fuels (e.g., liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)) [37][38][39][40][41][42][43], ethanol [44,45], methanol [46]). The authors noted the lack of articles describing the modernization of the design enabling the use of CNG fuel in small spark ignition (SI) engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

et al. 2020

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The projected increase in the availability of gaseous fuels by growing popularity of household natural gas (NG) filling stations and the increase in the production of gaseous biogas-derived fuels is conducive to an increase in the use of NG fuel. Currently, natural gas in various forms (compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)) is popular in maritime, rail and road transport. A new direction of natural gas application may be non-road mobile machines powered by a small spark-ignition engine (SI). The use of these engines in the wood chippers can cause the reduction of machine costs and emissions of harmful exhaust gases. In addition, plant material chippers intended for composting in bio-gas plants can be driven by the gas they are used to produce. The biogas can be purified to bio-methane to meet natural gas quality standards. The article presents the design of the natural gas supply system, which is an upgrade of the Lifan GX 390 combustion engine spark ignition engine (Four-stroke, OHV (over head valve) with a maximum power of 9.56 kW), which is a common representative of small gasoline engines. The engine is mounted in a cylindrical chipper designed for shredding branches with a maximum diameter of up to 100 mm, which is a typical machine used for cleaning work in urban areas. The engine powered by CNG and traditionally gasoline has been tested in real working conditions, when shredding cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189–204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, 3-metere-long, and humidity content ca. 25%. The systems were tested under the same actual operating conditions, the average power generated by the drives during shredding is about 0.69 kW. Based on the recorded results, it was found that the CNG-fuelled engine was characterized by nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions higher by 45%. The other effects of CNG were a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of about 81%, 26% and 57%, respectively. Additionally, the use of CNG reduced fuel consumption by 31% and hourly estimated machine operating costs resulting from fuel costs by 53% (for average fuel price in Poland: gasoline: 0.99 EUR/L and CNG: 0.71 EUR/m3 on 08 November 2020). The modernization performed by the authors ensured the work of the drive unit during shredding, closer to the value of stoichiometric mixtures. The average (AVG) value of the air fuel ratio (AFR) for CNG was enriched by 1.2% (AVG AFR was 17), while for the gasoline engine the mixture was more enriched by 4.8% (AVG AFR was 14). The operation of spark-ignition (SI) combustion engines is most advantageous when burning stoichiometric mixtures due to the cooperation with exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g., three-function catalytic converter). A system powered by CNG may be beneficial in systems adapting to operating conditions, used in low-power shredding machines, whose problem is increased HC emissions, and CNG combustion may reduce them. The developed system does not exceed the emission standards applicable in the European Union. For CO emissions expressed in g/kWh, it was about 95% lower than the permissible value, and HC + NOx emissions were 85% lower. This suggests that the use of the fuel in question may contribute to tightening up the permissible emission regulations for non-road machinery.

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“…These engines are commonly used in low-power shredders used in urbanized areas. Innovations in this group of drives include the use of injection fuels [36][37][38][39], systems that adapt the drive to the operating conditions [40,41], improved durability [42], and the use of alternative fuels (LPG [43][44][45][46][47], ethanol [48,49], and methanol [50]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Innovative Woodchipper Speed Control Systems on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Areas

et al. 2020

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This paper discusses the determination of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions when shredding branches in urban areas. It aimed to determine the hourly emission of exhaust gases to the atmosphere during such work and to identify the designs that can reduce it. The research was carried out with a cylinder woodchipper driven by a low-power (9.5 kW) combustion engine. There were three configurations of the tested drive unit: The factory setting (A) with a carburettor fuel supply system, modernized by us to include an electronic injection system (B). This system (B) was expanded with an adaptation system patented by the authors (P. 423369), thus creating the third configuration (C). The research was carried out when shredding cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender 4:189-204. 1784)) branches with a diameter of 80 mm, which presented a large load for the machine. The machine was operated by one experienced operator. The average operating conditions during the tests were as follows: Branch delivery frequency of about 4 min−1 and mass flow rate of about 0.72 t h−1. During the tests with the use of PEMS (portable emissions measurement system, here Axion RS from Global MRV), we analyzed the emissions of compounds, such as CO, CO2, HC, and NOx, and determined the fuel consumption based on the carbon balance. The research showed that the use of an injection system (B) reduced fuel consumption from 1.38 to 1.29 l h−1 (by 6.7%) when compared to the carburettor system (A). Modernization of the injection system (B) with an adaptive system (C) reduced fuel consumption from 1.38 to 0.91 l h−1 (by 34%) when compared to the carburettor system (A). An hour of shredding with a cylinder chopper emits the following amounts of flue gases: design A (HC 0.013 kg h−1; CO 0.24 kg h−1; CO2 2.91 kg h−1; NOx 0.0036 kg h−1), design B (HC 0.0061 kg h−1; CO 0.20 kg h−1; CO2 2.77 kg h−1; NOx 0.0038 kg h−1), and design C (HC 0.017 kg h−1; CO 0.22 kg h−1; CO2 1.79 kg h−1; NOx 0.0030 kg h−1). The adaptive system entails significant reductions in non-HC emissions, which indicates that the system needs to be improved with respect to fuel-air mixture control for its enrichment of the low-to-high-speed change. The admissible emission limits for harmful compounds in exhaust gas for the tested group of propulsion units are in accordance with the provisions in force in the European Union from 2019 for the tested propulsion units during operation, with a full CO load about 6100 g h−1 and HC + NOx about 80 g h−1. The tested propulsion units emitted significantly less pollution under real operating conditions (because they did not work under full load throughout the entire test sample).

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Performance Characteristics of a Small Engine Fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Hc Emission Stable and Power Optimation of the Motorcycle LPG Engine by Heat Transfer to the Injector

Hc Emission Stable and Power Optimation of the Motorcycle LPG Engine by Heat Transfer to the Injector

Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Influence of Innovative Woodchipper Speed Control Systems on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Areas

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