Performance-Improved Highly Integrated Uniaxial Tristate Hybrid Nanogenerator for Sustainable Mechanical Energy Harvesting

Abstract

Despite advances in the development of individual nanogenerators, the level of output energy generation must be increased to meet the demands of commercial electronic systems and to broaden their scope of application. To harvest lowfrequency ambient mechanical energy more efficiently, we proposed a highly integrated hybridized piezoelectric−triboelectric−electromagnetic (tristate) nanogenerator in a uniaxial structure. In its highly integrated approach, a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) based on CsPbBr 3 (cesium lead bromide) nanoparticles (NPs) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposite was fabricated on a triboelectrically negative nanostructured polyimide (PI) substrate. A cylindrical aluminum electrode grooved with permanent magnets was directed to move along a spring-less metallic guide bounded by these nanocomposites, thus essentially forming two single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). By its optimized material design and novel integration approach of the PENGs, TENGs, and electromagnetic generators (EMGs), this uniaxial tristate hybrid nanogenerator (UTHNG) can synergistically produce an instantaneous electrical power of 49 mW at low-frequency ambient vibration (5 Hz). The UTHNG has excellent charging characteristics, ramping up the output voltage of a 22 μF capacitor to 2.7 V in only 12 s, which is much faster than individual nanogenerators. This work will be a superior solution for harvesting low-frequency ambient energies by improving the performance of hybrid nanogenerators, potentially curtailing the technology gap for self-powered micro/nanosystems for the Internet of Things.

Recent Progress of Nanogenerators for Green Energy Harvesting: Performance, Applications, and Challenges

“…In comparison to individual nanogenerators, this nanogenerator type can provide high and efficient power density [ 95 ]. Recent research has led to the development of hybrid nanogenerators based on piezoelectric–pyroelectric [ 96 , 97 , 98 ], triboelectric–piezoelectric [ 31 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 ], electromagnetic–triboelectric [ 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ], triboelectric–piezoelectric–pyroelectric [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ], triboelectric–piezoelectric–electromagnetic [ 137 , 138 , 139 , ...…”

Built-In Packaging for Single Terminal Devices

“…To illustrate the proposed packaging method for an actuator application, a m onator needed to be designed, and this design should be compatible with the a and characterization setups, and easy to fabricate and package. First, the importa ria were specified and then associated with geometrical and material properties Though only a single-terminal actuator application is illustrated in this work, the proposed concept is valid for sensor applications (accelerometer [14], gyroscope [15], mass sensor [16], humidity sensor [17], temperature sensor [18], pressure sensor [19], gas sensor [20], water sensor [21], magnetometers [22], photoacoustic sensors [23], FET-biosensor [24], and permittivity sensor [25]), optical and photonic applications (micromirror [26], microswitch [27], LiDAR [28], beam steering [29], bolometer [30], photon detector [31], and PeCOD [32]), RF applications (diode [33], transistor [34], antennas [35], switch [36], phase shifter [37], filter [38], and tunable capacitor [39]), microfluidics (micropump [40], microdroplet generator [41], and microvalve [42]), and other applications (energy harvester [43], rectenna [44], gripper [45], etc. ).…”

Multi‐Effects Coupled Nanogenerators for Simultaneously Harvesting Solar, Thermal, and Mechanical Energies

“…[16,17] Recently, there has been a number of reports on multifunctional composite nanogenerators and coupled nanogenerators, [3,14,17,18] where researchers have considered combinations of energy harvesters that are able to harvest different forms ambient energy; these have included (i) a combined electromagnetic generator (EMG) and TENG, [19,20] (ii) a combined PiENG and TENG, [6,11] (iii) a combined PVC and PyENG, [21,22] and (iv) a combined TENG-PiENG-EMG. [23,24] Since these devices often use individual external circuits and connections, they often exhibit a complex device structure. Therefore, a coupled nanogenerator with single-structure and single pair of output electrodes has been investigated.…”