“…The electronic properties of rare earths (REs) are extraordinarily useful for diverse photonic technologies and devices, specifically in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), − photodetectors, waveguides for quantum signal processing and quantum memory, , lasers, , biolabels, and infrared radiation visualizers . Since RE-based materials show bright luminescence, they are widely used as imaging screens and/or scintillators which absorb X-ray radiation and convert it to photons of the visible range. − …”