In recent years, the electro-sorption technology (EST) has been increasingly applied in the field of water treatment. Firstly, this paper conducts a review on the development history of the EST theory from the classic models (Helmholtz-Perrin model, Gouy-Chapman (GC) model, and Gouy-Chapman-Stern (GCS) model) to the modern electrical double layer (EDL) models (Grahame, electrical triple-layer model, and composite model) as well as the recent status of the theoretical research. Besides, the future development direction and research focus of the EST theoretical model were given. Finally, the current research status of carbon electrodes, metal oxide electrodes and composite electrodes was summarized. This study shall provide theoretical supports for practical application of high-efficiency EST, and the direction for the future development of EST-based electrode materials.