“…There are also studies that find neither a positive nor a negative effect of clustering. In series of studies looking at firm survival in particular industries, including U.S. car industry (KLEPPER, 2007), the global fashion design industry (WENTING, 2008), the U.S. tire industry (BUENSTORF and KLEPPER, 2009), the U.S. semiconductor industry (KLEPPER, 2010), the German machine tool industry (BUENSTORF and GUENTHER, 2011) and the Dutch publishing industry (HEEBELS and BOSCHMA, 2011), firms in clusters did not survive longer than firms outside clusters. Importantly, the absence of cluster effects in all these studies becomes apparent only when controlling for pre-entry experience attributed to spinoffs.…”