Period Without a Job After Returning from the Middle East: A Survival Analysis

Abstract

Since the mid-1980s Pakistan has faced return flows of its workers from the Middle East on a large scale. The re-employment experience of returning workers has usually been examined by focusing on the unemployment rate. This paper concentrates on ‘duration of unemployment’ and examines the influences of socio-demographic characteristics of returnees and their households on the transition from being ‘not employed’ to being employed by estimating the proportional hazards model. The 1986 ILO survey of return migrant households is the data source used in this study. The majority of returnees who were ‘not employed’ (unemployed and inactive) had been without a job for more than one year. Nearly one-quarter of them had not been working for more than two years. The analysis shows that variables indicating the human capital of return migrants, such as age, education, occupation and work experience, appear to have greater influence on their re-employment probabilities than variables related to economic position, such as savings.

Has Emigration Perked Up Entrepreneurship Among Return Migrants in Kerala? Findings from a Survey in a High Migration Density District

“…The high earnings abroad raise their anticipation about salary and employment outcomes after their return. But it is difficult to get high salaried jobs at home as was abroad, although they are not ready to revert to their pre-migration economic status (Arif 1996). Therefore the best option is to start up some self-employment business.…”

Analysis of the duration of unemployment and outcomes for unemployed persons in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

“…Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: growth and unemployment rates, 1989-2013(Percentages) 19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 There is an evident contradiction in the trends of these two variables, since an expansion in economic activity is generally required in order to cut unemployment. Simultaneous reductions in unemployment and GDP growth can be accounted for in a number of ways, however: (i) the presence of hidden unemployment, which occurs when a large percentage of unsuccessful job-seekers become so discouraged that they stop looking for work and thus are no longer part of the workforce; (ii) the use of the informal sector as an escape valve (when this occurs, people are no longer unemployed but the value of their productive effort is not captured in national accounts); and (iii) a combination of these two phenomena.…”

“…Cordón and García (2010) used parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate duration models that could be used to gauge the repercussions of the termination of the fisheries agreement between the European Union and Morocco in 1999. Others have studied the effects of leaving one's country (Arif, 1996) and of the deep recession that occurred in the United States in the late 2000s (Reich, 2012). Some authors contend that social programmes for the unemployed lengthen their periods of unemployment and that this type of assistance should therefore be more strictly regulated.…”

Análisis de la duración del desempleo y el destino de los desempleados en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela

“…Cordón y García (2010) utilizan métodos paramétricos y no paramétricos para estimar modelos de duración que permitan determinar las repercusiones de la finalización del acuerdo de pesca entre la Unión Europea y Marruecos en 1999. Otros analizan los efectos de haberse ausentado del país (Arif, 1996) o de la gran recesión de finales de la década de 2000 en los Estados Unidos (Reich, 2012). Algunos autores insisten en que los programas sociales de ayuda a los desempleados afectan positivamente la duración del desempleo y proponen la regulación de este tipo de asistencia.…”