Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different microorganisms, the host’s immune response, and various environmental factors interact in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications of periodontitis. We also discuss the association of chronic inflammation found in periodontitis with various other systemic diseases, which include cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer, adverse pregnancy, and multiple myeloma, and also highlight microbial carcinogenesis and the microRNAs involved. The latest updates on the molecular mechanism, possible biomarkers, and treatment procedures may be beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Factores de virulencia de los componentes de Porphyromona gingivalis: una revisión narrativa

“…LPS bien conocido por su toxicidad y su capacidad de causar inflamación no deseada en el huésped, lo que le dio el nombre de endotoxina. La diferencia de estructura en LPS puede explicar los distintos mecanismos a través de los cuales las células huésped reconocen las especies bacterianas (45,56). Se considera un importante factor de virulencia de las bacterias gramnegativas y está formado por grandes moléculas de lípidos y polisacáridos (56).…”

Oral and rectal colonization of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long‐term care facility residents and their association with clinical status

“…In addition, it has been reported that oral bacteria sometimes cause bacteremia by tooth extraction or periodontitis, affecting various systemic diseases, such as endocarditis, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and so on. [8][9][10] Hence, ARB in the oral cavity may also be a cause of bacteremia. Therefore, we need to pay more attention to ARB in the oral cavity not only for infection control but also for prevention of systemic disease.…”

“…ARB in the oral cavity are considered to spread the infection to other sites in individuals and to others through conversing, coughing, and eating. In addition, it has been reported that oral bacteria sometimes cause bacteremia by tooth extraction or periodontitis, affecting various systemic diseases, such as endocarditis, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and so on 8–10 . Hence, ARB in the oral cavity may also be a cause of bacteremia.…”

Commentary: The oral microbiome in young women at different stages of periodontitis: Prevotella dominant in stage III periodontitis

“…Therefore, Zhao and her colleagues excluded the group with systemic diseases, however they did not specify the methodology used to exclude systemic disease participants and did not perform detailed laboratory examinations on the individuals. It is well known that the range of systemic diseases is very broad (Bhuyan et al, 2022), and some of them have insidious clinical symptoms and are often overlooked by the patients themselves and their physicians. For example, the oral cavity and the intestine, two of the most complex microbial habitats in the body, are always interacting with each other.…”