Perioperative variations in indices derived from noninvasive assessments to detect postmastectomy lymphedema

Self‐reported signs and symptoms of secondary upper limb lymphoedema related to breast cancer treatment: Systematic review

“…The designs of the included studies were as follows: 11 longitudinal cohort (Armer, Ballman, McCall, Armer, et al, 2019; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Ostby, et al, 2019; Brunelle et al, 2020; Bundred et al, 2020; Cidon et al, 2011; Finlay et al, 2013; Gençay Can et al, 2019; Hayes et al, 2008; Hidding et al, 2019; Kosir et al, 2001; Norman et al, 2009; Suehiro et al, 2019; Table 3), 15 cross‐sectional (Ahmed et al, 2008; Armer & Fu, 2005; Armer et al, 2003; Bani et al, 2007; Flores et al, 2020; Fu et al, 2015, 2018; Gartner et al, 2010; Kopec et al, 2013; Morris et al, 2017; Ridner & Dietrich, 2015; Ridner et al, 2011; Ridner et al, 2007; Sierla et al, 2013; Svensson et al, 2020; Table 4) and three case–control studies (Honarvar et al, 2016; Korucu et al, 2020; Mak et al, 2009; Table 5). Studies were mainly from the USA ( n = 13, 45%; Ahmed et al, 2008; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Armer, et al, 2019; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Ostby, et al, 2019; Armer & Fu, 2005; Armer et al, 2003; Brunelle et al, 2020; Flores et al, 2020; Fu et al, 2015, 2018; Kosir et al, 2001; Norman et al, 2009; Ridner & Dietrich, 2015; Ridner et al, 2007, 2011) and Australia ( n = 5, 17%; Finlay et al, 2013; Hayes et al, 2008; Morris et al, 2017; Sierla et al, 2013; Svensson et al, 2020).…”

“…Self‐reported signs and symptoms of ULL were evaluated using the Lymphedema and Breast Cancer Questionnaire (LBCQ; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Armer, et al, 2019; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Ostby, et al, 2019; Armer & Fu, 2005; Armer et al, 2003; Brunelle et al, 2020; Bundred et al, 2020; Ridner et al, 2007), the Norman Questionnaire (Ahmed et al, 2008; Norman et al, 2009), the Breast Cancer and Lymphedema Symptom Experience Index (BCLE‐SEI; Fu et al, 2015, 2018), the Lymphedema Symptom Intensity and Distress Survey‐Arm (LSIDS‐A; Ridner & Dietrich, 2015; Ridner et al, 2011), the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire (Lymph ICF; Hidding et al, 2019), the Arm Symptom Distress Scale (ASDS; Mak et al, 2009), the Lymphoedema Self‐Examination Survey (LYSES; Morris et al, 2017) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Breast tool (version 4; FACT‐B; Suehiro et al, 2019). The Norman Questionnaire was used for both diagnosis of ULL and self‐reported symptoms in two included studies (Ahmed et al, 2008; Norman et al, 2009).…”

“…For the objective volume assessments of ULL, two or more assessment methods were used in five studies (Bundred et al, 2020; Finlay et al, 2013; Honarvar et al, 2016; Ridner et al, 2007; Suehiro et al, 2019). Circumference measurements (Armer & Fu, 2005; Armer et al, 2003; Fu et al, 2015; Gençay Can et al, 2019; Hidding et al, 2019; Honarvar et al, 2016; Korucu et al, 2020; Kosir et al, 2001; Mak et al, 2009; Ridner et al, 2007; Suehiro et al, 2019), BIS (Bundred et al, 2020; Finlay et al, 2013; Hayes et al, 2008; Morris et al, 2017; Ridner et al, 2007; Suehiro et al, 2019; Svensson et al, 2020), as well as limb volume assessed by water displacement method (Honarvar et al, 2016; Kopec et al, 2013) and perometry (Brunelle et al, 2020; Bundred et al, 2020; Finlay et al, 2013; Ridner et al, 2007) were used to objectively define the presence of ULL. One study used ultrasound in order to measure skin and subcutaneous thickness, subcutaneous echogenicity and subcutaneous‐echo‐free space (Suehiro et al, 2019).…”

“…ULL was determined to be present if the following inter‐limb size or volume differences between the affected and unaffected limbs were reached: ≥1.5 cm (Mak et al, 2009), >/≥2 cm (Armer & Fu, 2005; Armer et al, 2003; Honarvar et al, 2016; Korucu et al, 2020), >200 ml (Fu et al, 2015), ≥5% (Brunelle et al, 2020), >/≥10% (Armer, Ballman, McCall, Armer, et al, 2019; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Ostby, et al, 2019; Brunelle et al, 2020; Bundred et al, 2020; Gençay Can et al, 2019; Hidding et al, 2019; Kosir et al, 2001; Suehiro et al, 2019) or ≥20% (Armer, Ballman, McCall, Armer, et al, 2019; Armer, Ballman, McCall, Ostby, et al, 2019) difference. Alternately, if BIS was used, the threshold used was an inter‐arm ratio of impedance values >/≥3SD (Bundred et al, 2020; Hayes et al, 2008; Suehiro et al, 2019; Svensson et al, 2020) or >/≥ 2SD (Bundred et al, 2020; Svensson et al, 2020) above the mean of a normative population. One study (Suehiro et al, 2019) also used the tentative normal ranges (mean ±2 SD) for the differences in circumferences and skin or subcutaneous thicknesses in order to diagnose ULL.…”

“…Alternately, if BIS was used, the threshold used was an inter‐arm ratio of impedance values >/≥3SD (Bundred et al, 2020; Hayes et al, 2008; Suehiro et al, 2019; Svensson et al, 2020) or >/≥ 2SD (Bundred et al, 2020; Svensson et al, 2020) above the mean of a normative population. One study (Suehiro et al, 2019) also used the tentative normal ranges (mean ±2 SD) for the differences in circumferences and skin or subcutaneous thicknesses in order to diagnose ULL. The definition of ULL was not indicated in four studies (Finlay et al, 2013; Kopec et al, 2013; Morris et al, 2017; Ridner et al, 2007).…”