Permeability and fabric compaction in forming of fiber metal laminates

Abstract

Significant fluid–structure interaction is present in fiber metal laminate forming with a low viscous matrix. A modular, process-inspired test setup is presented for one-dimensional saturated and unsaturated infiltration experiments for fiber metal laminates. Permeability measurements for different fabric orientations, fabric layers, and fiber volume contents show low scatter and good repeatability for fiber volume contents up to 65%. Fiber metal laminate specimens were formed by exchanging the mid-segment of the test setup with a punch and die. The stiffness differences between metal and fabric lead to remarkably high compactions in the bending radii, significantly reducing the flow during infiltration. Contrary to resin transfer molding processes, no formation of resin-rich zones along bending edges occurs due to the high normal pressures from metal forming. A numerical forming simulation was developed to predict the local fiber volume content. Comparing the experimental results with the numerical simulation shows that the high fiber volume content in the radii almost exclusively impacts the overall permeability. Implications for fiber metal laminate processing and modeling are outlined.

Shear strength and particle breakage of construction and demolition waste as a function of moisture state and compaction level: Insights for sustainable highway engineering

“…The values of hydraulic conductivity were in close agreement with the findings of Arulrajah et al and Kruse et al [1,45], they found the hydraulic conductivity of recycled brick aggregates ranged from 1x10 -6 cm/s to 2x10 -5 cm/s. In general, the findings of the current study are consistent with previous studies, which have shown that the hydraulic conductivity of recycled construction and demolition waste materials can vary depending on the material properties and source of the materials.…”

“…This means they have the capacity to facilitate the movement of water, which is a valuable property in many engineering applications, particularly in drainage and geotechnical engineering. The existence of a significant disparity in hydraulic conductivities for materials collected from different stockpiles, even when the materials are of the same type, can be attributed to several factors such as material variability (particle size distribution, mineralogical composition), gradation and particle packing (particle size distribution and packing arrangement of materials) and contaminants and impurities [43][44][45].…”