Persistent<i>Bacillus cereus</i>Bacteremia in 3 Persons Who Inject Drugs, San Diego, California, USA

Schaefer, Gabrielle; Campbell, Wesley R; Jenks, Jeffrey D.; Beesley, Cari A.; Katsivas, Theodoros; Hoffmaster, Alex R.; Mehta, Sanjay R.; Reed, Sharon L.

doi:10.3201/eid2209.150647

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition, the cellular mechanism and the interaction between different virulence factors should be further studied. Recent reports showed that the persistent B. cereus interaction with host cells is even hard to control [1,49,143], and compared to other persistent bacteria, B. cereus are more dangerous due to the high transmission and viability of their spores [69,99,144]. In sum, strong emphasis should be placed on the B. cereus in dairy products to guarantee the safety of human life in China.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, many other infections associated with B. cereus have been reported including meningitis, brain abscess [ 42 ], cellulitis [ 43 ], endophthalmitis [ 44 , 45 ], pneumonia [ 46 ], endocarditis [ 47 ] and osteomyelitis [ 48 ]. More seriously, persistent B. cereus strains, which are highly detrimental pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapies, were also found in patients in the USA [ 49 ]. Altogether, tracing the source of B. cereus, such as in dairy products, is of particular concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China

Liu

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Bacillus cereus is a common and ubiquitous foodborne pathogen with an increasing prevalence rate in dairy products in China. High and unmet demands for such products, particularly milk, raise the risk of B. cereus associated contamination. The presence of B. cereus and its virulence factors in dairy products may cause food poisoning and other illnesses. Thus, this review first summarizes the epidemiological characteristics and analytical assays of B. cereus from dairy products in China, providing insights into the implementation of intervention strategies. In addition, the recent achievements on the cytotoxicity and mechanisms of B. cereus are also presented to shed light on the therapeutic options for B. cereus associated infections.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China

Liu

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…A major challenge contributing to persistence is that spores are metabolically dormant and show reduced susceptibility to biocides, thus playing an important role in disease chronicity [ 29 ].…”

Section: Clinical Challenges Related To Sporobiota: Persistence and Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing the sporobiota and sporobiome

Tetz

2017

Gut Pathog

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Unrelated spore-forming bacteria share unique characteristics stemming from the presence of highly resistant endospores, leading to similar challenges in health and disease. These characteristics are related to the presence of these highly transmissible spores, which are commonly spread within the environment and are implicated in host-to-host transmission. In humans, spore-forming bacteria contribute to a variety of pathological processes that share similar characteristics, including persistence, chronicity, relapses and the maintenance of the resistome. We first outline the necessity of characterizing the totality of the spore-forming bacteria as the sporobiota based on their unique common characteristics. We further propose that the collection of all genes of spore-forming bacteria be known as the sporobiome. Such differentiation is critical for exploring the cross-talk between the sporobiota and other members of the gut microbiota, and will allow for a better understanding of the implications of the sporobiota and sporobiome in a variety of pathologies and the spread of antibiotic resistance.

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“…A number of the bacteria that were deposited by hand dryers with and without HEPA filters and from bathroom air directly are skin flora and/or environmental organisms that are reported in the literature to potentially cause invasive human disease, including bloodstream, ocular, and peritoneal infections (33)(34)(35)(36)(37). In most of these cases, patients acquiring these diseases had a predisposition to infection, such as a permanent catheter, a defect in the immune system, underlying chronic disease (e.g., cancer), or repeated bloodborne exposure to bacteria through intravenous drug use (36,38). It is certainly clear that hand washing can reduce the risk of infections (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition of Bacteria and Bacterial Spores by Bathroom Hot-Air Hand Dryers

Huesca-Espitia

Aslanzadeh

Feinn

et al. 2018

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Hot air hand dryers in multiple men's and women's bathrooms in 3 basic science research areas in an academic health center were screened for their deposition on plates of: i) total bacteria, some of which were identified; and ii) a kanamycin resistant strain, PS533, spores of which are produced in large amounts in one basic science research laboratory. Plates exposed to hand dryer air for 30 seconds averaged 18-60 colonies/plate but interior hand dryer nozzle surfaces had minimal bacterial levels, plates exposed to bathroom air for 2 minutes with hand dryers off averaged ≤1 colony, and plates exposed to bathroom air moved by a small fan for 20 minutes had averages of 15 and 12 colonies/plate in two buildings tested. Retrofitting hand dryers with HEPA filters reduced bacterial deposition by hand dryers ∼4-fold, and potential human pathogens were recovered from plates exposed to hand dryer air whether or not a HEPA filter was present, and from bathroom air moved by a small fan. Spore-forming colonies, identified as PS533 averaged ∼2.5-5% of bacteria deposited by hand dryers throughout basic research areas examined regardless of distance from the spore forming laboratory, and these were almost certainly deposited as spores. Comparable results were obtained when bathroom air was sampled for spores. These results indicate that many kinds of bacteria, including potential pathogens and spores, can be deposited on hands exposed to bathroom hand dryers, and that spores could be dispersed throughout buildings and deposited on hands by hand dryers. While there is evidence that bathroom hand dryers can disperse bacteria from hands or deposit bacteria on surfaces, including recently washed hands, there is less information on: i) the organisms dispersed by hand dryers; ii) if hand dryers provide a reservoir of bacteria or simply blow large amounts of bacterially contaminated air; and iii) if bacterial spores are deposited on surfaces by hand dryers. Consequently, this study has implications for the control of opportunistic bacterial pathogens and spores in public environments including healthcare settings. Within a large building, potentially pathogenic bacteria including bacterial spores may travel between rooms, and subsequent bacterial/spore deposition by hand dryers is a possible mechanism for spread of infectious bacteria including spores of potential pathogens if present.

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PersistentBacillus cereusBacteremia in 3 Persons Who Inject Drugs, San Diego, California, USA

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China

Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China

Introducing the sporobiota and sporobiome

Deposition of Bacteria and Bacterial Spores by Bathroom Hot-Air Hand Dryers

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