Persistent left superior vena cava: diagnosis with saline contrast echocardiography

Inadvertent placement of a pulmonary artery catheter in the coronary sinus: is it time to increase our sweep speed?

“…A preoperative TTE will show a dilated CS [8]. If the patient has a PLSVC, saline contrast injected into the left antecubital vein will first appear in the CS, then the RV [9]. After induction of general anesthesia, the diagnosis may be made using TTE or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).…”