Perspectives on additives for polymers. 1. Aspects of stabilization

Allen, Norman S.; Edge, Michèle

doi:10.1002/vnl.21807

Cited by 55 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…For example, primary and secondary antioxidants may be added to improve the thermal resistance of the material to the high processing temperatures often employed in FFF. [ 11 ] Fiber reinforcement may be added to reduce shrinkage in large‐scale pellet‐fed AM systems, while optimizing to maintain layer‐to‐layer adhesion. [ 31 ] Laser susceptors and clarifying agents may be added to SLS powders to improve heating, crystallization, and melting.…”

Section: Current Trends For Additives In Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improvements to thermal resistance may be achieved by addition of primary and secondary antioxidants and other stabilizers. [ 11 ] Further, useful thermal properties may be realized by incorporation of thermally conductive fillers such as zinc ferrite [ 43 ] and graphene. [ 44 ] Resistance to environmental exposure includes all the stressors that may be present in application for the AM‐built part, including high and low temperatures, temperature swings, moisture, chemicals, and UV and other radiation.…”

Section: Current Trends For Additives In Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, additive interactions are a major contributor to a polymer's end‐use performance. Recently, Allen et al [ 11,12 ] listed an array of important additives used in a polymeric system and explained their working mechanism. As AM continues to evolve and grow into high‐performance areas, the requirements on the material systems being processed will continue to expand, and the role of additives in these materials will continue to grow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current status and future roles of additives in 3D printing—A perspective

Thompson

2022

Vinyl Additive Technology

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3D printing has evolved quickly from rapid prototyping to true mass production. This is reflected in the use of the term additive manufacturing (AM) to emphasize the use of the technology in actual manufacturing of high‐value products and finished goods. Consequentially, the requirements on the materials and processes have become more stringent and challenging to satisfy. Furthermore, various manufacturing industries have their own unique sets of requirements, and these are difficult if not impossible to satisfy with neat polymers alone. Therefore, additives are playing an increasingly critical role for satisfying material requirements for AM applications. In this article, challenges are identified that will need to be addressed as AM matures toward manufacturing applications. These include speed of production, mechanical performance and durability of the products, their interaction with the environment, and readiness for manufacturing. The use of additives to overcome these challenges is discussed in terms of current trends and with the help of specific examples. These include, but are not limited to, reinforcements, thermal stabilizers, antioxidants, and flame retardants to improve performance and meet thermal, environmental, and flammability requirements in demanding applications like aerospace, defense, and automotive. Further, colors, pigments, and dyes are needed for aesthetics. Bioactive or bioinert materials are needed for specific medical applications, and electrically dissipative or thermally conductive materials are often needed for electronics applications. This article provides a critical look at the current state of AM and how the roles of additives in AM are expected to expand, including identification of future opportunities.

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Section: Current Trends For Additives In Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Trends For Additives In Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current status and future roles of additives in 3D printing—A perspective

Thompson

2022

Vinyl Additive Technology

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“…Polymer degradation was decreased with the help of improvements in crystallinity and flexibility ( Siracusa, 2019 ). Additives, stabilizers, and antioxidants used in the manufacture of polymers can delay degradation and may be toxic to microorganisms ( Allen and Edge, 2021 ). Apart from structural considerations (linearity and branching in polymers, bond types, such as carbon–carbon, amide, and ester), the physical form of the polymer (powder, films, pellets, and fibers) may also affect a polymer’s biodegradability.…”

Section: Microbial Enzymes: a Potential Solution For Green Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution

et al. 2021

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The widespread use of commercial polymers composed of a mixture of polylactic acid and polyethene terephthalate (PLA-PET) in bottles and other packaging materials has caused a massive environmental crisis. The valorization of these contaminants via cost-effective technologies is urgently needed to achieve a circular economy. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA-PET contaminants plays a vital role in environmentally friendly strategies for plastic waste recycling and degradation. In this review, the potential roles of microbial enzymes for solving this critical problem are highlighted. Various enzymes involved in PLA-PET recycling and bioconversion, such as PETase and MHETase produced by Ideonella sakaiensis; esterases produced by Bacillus and Nocardia; lipases produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, Triticum aestivum, and Burkholderia spp.; and leaf-branch compost cutinases are critically discussed. Strategies for the utilization of PLA-PET’s carbon content as C1 building blocks were investigated for the production of new plastic monomers and different value-added products, such as cyclic acetals, 1,3-propanediol, and vanillin. The bioconversion of PET-PLA degradation monomers to polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers by Pseudomonas and Halomonas strains was addressed in detail. Different solutions to the production of biodegradable plastics from food waste, agricultural residues, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-accumulating bacteria were discussed. Fuel oil production via PLA-PET thermal pyrolysis and possible hybrid integration techniques for the incorporation of thermostable plastic degradation enzymes for the conversion into fuel oil is explained in detail.

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“… a [ 1 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 57 ], b [ 67 , 71 ], c [ 81 , 83 , 92 ], d [ 93 ], e [ 66 , 93 , 94 ], f [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. …”

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Impact of Thermal Properties on Crystalline Structure, Polymorphism and Morphology of Polymer Matrices in Composites

Raimo

2021

Materials

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Morphological analysis at different levels is fundamental to understand properties of materials, as these latter are dictated not only by the chemical composition but also by the shape. Solid structures arise from a balance between thermodynamic and kinetic factors, which, especially for polymer composites, depend also on interactions amongst components. In particular, morphology is strongly affected by the heat transfer pattern during crystallization and by the difference in thermal behavior between polymer matrix and filler. Polymers show a spherulitic structure, arising from the start of crystallization in several points of the liquid phase. Within a general rounded shape, spherulites show variability in growth patterns, morphology, and geometry of boundaries. The appearance and the number of spherulites, as well as their growth mechanism, may vary not only in dependence of the chemical composition and the crystalline structures but also, for a same polymer, in consequence of experimental conditions and incorporation of fillers. This article reviews the crystallization process of polymer matrices in the framework of crystal growth and heat transport theories, and explains microstructural differences between composites and neat matrices on the basis of the differences in thermal capacity and conductivity between polymers and additives.

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Perspectives on additives for polymers. 1. Aspects of stabilization

Cited by 55 publications

References 60 publications

Current status and future roles of additives in 3D printing—A perspective

Current status and future roles of additives in 3D printing—A perspective

Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution

Impact of Thermal Properties on Crystalline Structure, Polymorphism and Morphology of Polymer Matrices in Composites

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