Perspectives on functional nitrogen science and plasma-based in situ functionalization

Abstract

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by controlled electron impacts in conjunction with the use of dinitrogen can react with oxygen and/or hydrogen to generate highly reactive compounds. The related field of functional nitrogen science provides new opportunities for nitrogen utilization based on non-equilibrium plasma processing. This revolutionary technique permits plasma-based nitrogen fixation at the locations at which materials such as dopants and fertilizers are required. This system, based on the in situ generation of RNS at the point of use, is expected to replace conventional processes involving nitrogen cycles employing ammonia and nitric acid. Optimization of this new approach will require nitrogen doping to be tuned by atomic-scale localization of nitrogen. This review discusses the applications of functional nitrogen and the processes by which functionalization in both inorganic materials and living organisms can occur when using RNS.

Science-based, data-driven developments in plasma processing for material synthesis and device-integration technologies

“…In situ plasma functionalization with the creation of ammonia and nitric acids from water nitrogen plasma has attracted much attention for building a circular economy. 8,9) 2.2. Plasma processing in spray coating For a long period of time, conventional thermal plasma was used for all types of coating 10) (Fig.…”

“…Therefore, sequences and dynamic behaviors in plasma processes must be considered, and differentiation of state variables for the plasma processes plays an important role in understanding and controlling plasma-based stimulations to systems, where the physical action (the impulse) catalyzes chemical relaxations. 8) Analogous to the PSPP chain, a plasma processinginformation relationship has a tetrahedron framework involving four edges, such as electron dynamics, chemical kinetics, sheath boundary transport, and surface reactions (ECSS) (Fig. 38).…”

Functional nitrogen science based on plasma processing: quantum devices, photocatalysts and activation of plant defense and immune systems

“…14) A detailed list has been provided by Ishikawa. 15) Even so, plasma discharge may be a viable approach to enhancing catalytic reactions at low temperatures because such discharges can promote the dissociation of the stable N≡N bond (bond dissociation energy of 9.76 eV) and also generate ultraviolet radiation. As such, the concept of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation at low or moderate temperatures and atmospheric pressure has recently attracted much attention, especially with regard to plasma catalysis and plasma-treated solutions.…”

Direct Analysis of Complex Reaction Mixtures: Formose Reaction

“…While useful, incomplete information can lead to misconceptions about the network topology or the inability to predict a network's response to different reaction conditions. [5][6][7][8] NMR or IR spectroscopies are the methods of choice for online kinetic analysis. [9][10][11] However, they do not have sufficient dynamic range and often lack the resolution to detect, analyze, and identify numerous minor, structurally similar components.…”

“…Because of a lack of analytical tools that could provide the full picture of all components and their kinetic behavior, reaction network maps must be reconstructed based on only partial observations. While useful, incomplete information can lead to misconceptions about the network topology or the inability to predict a network's response to different reaction conditions [5–8] …”