Pest risk assessment and additional evidence provided by South Africa on Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, citrus black spot fungus - CBS - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.925

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Previous studies found that rainfall was a requirement for ascospore release. 3,24 In this study, ascospore release did not always coincide with rainfall periods, which is in agreement with observations made by Fourie et al 25 This indicates that other sources of moisture such as irrigation, dew and relative humidity may be playing a role in ascospore discharge. 1,26,27,37 Reis et al 38 reported that ascospore release was more related to the duration of leaf wetness than the amount of rainfall.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…1,10,23 Ascospore discharge occurs after the onset of pseudothecium maturity, with ascospore peaks typically occurring during summer months, declining into early autumn. 3,[24][25][26] Rainfall as little as 3 mm triggers ascospore release 3,4 , but dew is also considered to trigger ascospore maturity and discharge 27 . Fourie et al 25 reported ascospore release events of Phyllosticta spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Models for predicting pseudothecium maturity and ascospore release of Phyllosticta spp. in South African citrus orchards

Moyo

Raan²,

Fourie

2020

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Ascosporic infection plays a major role in the epidemiology of citrus black spot (CBS) in South Africa, a disease caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa. Phyllosticta pseudothecium maturation and ascospore release models have been integrated in infection models to predict the availability of the primary inoculum source. However, these models have not been validated on a broader data set and this study aimed to validate and improve these epidemiological models. New pseudothecium maturation and ascospore release models for P. citricarpa were developed, based on weather and ascospore trap data from 13 locations and up to five seasons. From the 29 data sets analysed, 3775 3-hourly periods with ascospore events were recorded on 1798 days; 90% of these events occurred between 16.0 °C and 32.1 °C (daily Tmin and Tmax of 15.4 °C and 33.5 °C, respectively) and 75% occurred above a relative humidity (RH) of 55.9% (daily RH > 47.9%). Rain was recorded during 13.8% of these ascospore events and 20.0% of ascospore days. Using logistic regression, a Gompertz model that best predicted pseudothecium maturation, or the probability of onset of ascospore release, was developed and was markedly more accurate than the previously described models. The model consisted of DDtemp [cumulative degree-days from midwinter (1 July) calculated as (minimum + maximum daily temperature) / 2 – 10 °C] and DDwet (DDtemp accumulated only on days with >0.1 mm rain or vapour pressure deficit <5 hPa) as variables in the formula: probability of first ascospore event = exp(-exp(-(-3.131 + 0.007 × DDtemp - 0.007 × DDwet))). A Gompertz model [PAT = exp(-2.452 × exp(-0.004 × DDwet2))] was also developed for ascospore release; DDwet2 = DDtemp accumulated, from first seasonal ascospore trap day, only on days with >0.1 mm rain or vapour pressure deficit <5 hPa. Similar to the DDwet2 model described in a previous study, this model adequately predicted the general trend in ascospore release but poorly predicted periods of daily, 3-day and 7-day ascospore peaks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Models for predicting pseudothecium maturity and ascospore release of Phyllosticta spp. in South African citrus orchards

Moyo

Raan²,

Fourie

2020

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Climate suitability of the Mediterranean Basin for citrus black spot disease (Phyllosticta citricarpa) based on a generic infection model

Galvañ

Boughalleb-M’Hamdi

Benfradj

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, is associated with serious yield and quality losses. The climate suitability of the Mediterranean Basin for CBS development has been long debated. However, CBS has been described in Tunisia. In this study, a generic model was used to simulate potential infections by ascospores and pycnidiospores together with a degree-day model to predict the onset of ascospore release. High-resolution climatic data were retrieved from the ERA5-Land dataset for the citrus-growing regions in the Mediterranean Basin and other locations where CBS is present. In general, the onset of ascospore release was predicted to occur late in spring, but there is no agreement on the adequacy of this empirical model for extrapolation to the Mediterranean Basin. The generic model indicated that infections by ascospores and pycnidiospores would be concentrated mainly in autumn, as well as in spring for pycnidiospores. In contrast to previous studies, the percentage of hours suitable for infection was higher for pycnidiospores than for ascospores. The values obtained with the generic infection model for Tunisia and several CBS-affected locations worldwide were similar to those for other citrus-growing regions in Europe and Northern Africa. These results support previous work indicating that the climate of the Mediterranean Basin is suitable for CBS development.

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Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

Bragard¹,

Caffier²,

Candresse³

et al. 2016

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) was asked to assess two publications, authored by Magarey et al. and Mart ınez-Minaya et al. from 2015, with regard to a need to update the EFSA Scientific Opinion from 2014 on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory. The EFSA PLH Panel was also requested to assess any other relevant scientific information published after the finalisation of the EFSA Scientific Opinion. The fungus P. citricarpa ( The conclusion in the Opinion that probability of CBS establishment in the EU is moderately likely is not affected by the paper by Magarey et al. (2015) predicting establishment in some of the EU locations they selected. The high level of uncertainty regarding the probability of establishment is also unchanged by Magarey et al. (2015). The Panel concluded that Mart ınez-Minaya et al. (2015) does not provide new evidence requiring an update to EFSA PLH Panel (2014), principally because it had already been concluded that global climate zones are based on factors and thresholds that are broad and not necessarily representative of those that are critical for the pathogen and its host.

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Pest risk assessment and additional evidence provided by South Africa on Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, citrus black spot fungus - CBS - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health

Cited by 5 publications

References 54 publications

Models for predicting pseudothecium maturity and ascospore release of Phyllosticta spp. in South African citrus orchards

Models for predicting pseudothecium maturity and ascospore release of Phyllosticta spp. in South African citrus orchards

Climate suitability of the Mediterranean Basin for citrus black spot disease (Phyllosticta citricarpa) based on a generic infection model

Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

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