Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa and Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence in sheep and goats between 1969 and 2018

Abstract

Background Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a prevalent viral disease of sheep and goats that impacts productivity and international animal trade. Despite the substantial economic consequences related to PPR, little is known about the prevalence of this disease at the broad geographical levels. Objective The present study aimed to use a systematic approach to assess the regional prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats, and the associated factors that contribute to prevalence estimates. Methods Published articles on PPR in sheep and goats were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and the reference lists of articles reporting the prevalence from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 2018. Articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Since the heterogeneity among the studies was significant, pooled prevalences were estimated by a random effect meta‐analysis model. Results Data on the prevalence of PPR were obtained from Africa and Asia, where the pooled prevalence estimates were 40.99% (95% CI: 37.20%–44.79%) and 38.43% (95% CI: 35.64%–41.22%) respectively. Overall, the estimated pooled prevalence at Africa‐Asia level in sheep was 39.31% (95% CI: 35.75%–42.88%) and in goats was 39.57% (95% CI: 36.66%–42.48%). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was noted in most pooled estimates. Conclusion The results on the regional prevalence estimates of PPR presented here will be useful in raising awareness and advocating for Governments to engage in initiatives to eradicate PPR and prevent it from spreading to other continents.

Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factor ofPeste Des Petits Ruminantsin Sheep and Goats of Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In both Benishangul-gumz and Tigray region are adjacent with the border and may be getting an access of infection from abroad country. This report in line with Ahaduzzaman [20] explained that the variation of the disease prevalence like PPR could be the trans boundary movement of infected animals with inadequate quarantine, the presence of hot and humid climatic conditions that favor disease epidemiology, lack of vaccination or vaccine administration monitoring which may facilitate disease spread, lack of awareness about PPR among backyard farmers, and limited funding for disease eradication in developing or underdeveloped countries. Moreover many studies included in this meta-analysis used serum sample or symptomatic diagnostic approaches to report PPR prevalence; such approaches can quickly reveal the status of a large population [10,11] could lead to variability across region.…”

Impact of Peste des Petits Ruminants for sub-Saharan African farmers: a bioeconomic household production model

“…Annual total income ranged from US$1,424 to US$ 3,125, and the share of agricultural income in the total income ranged from 24 to 65% (table 3 ). In a recent metaanalysis, PPR prevalence was estimated at 25% in Ethiopia (Ahaduzzaman, 2020). in Mali, individual PPR prevalence was reported to be 42.6%, with high variations between regions (5.5 to 59.1%) (Kamissoko et al, 2013).…”

Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

“…On an annual basis, PPR causes economic losses of the equivalent to around US $1.2 to 1.7 billion due to animal deaths, reduced production, and the cost of fighting the disease [ 9 ]. Approximately one-third of the financial losses occur in Africa and a quarter in South Asia [ 10 , 11 ]. However, current efforts are now being directed towards the PPR Global Control and Eradication Program (PPR GEP), an initiative of the global animal health community coordinated through the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations [ 12 , 13 ].…”

“…However, current efforts are now being directed towards the PPR Global Control and Eradication Program (PPR GEP), an initiative of the global animal health community coordinated through the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations [ 12 , 13 ]. It was estimated that an investment of US $7.1 billion on PPR GEP could be recovered within five years of successful eradication [ 11 ]. This gives an overall benefit–cost ratio of 33.8 for the most likely situation, which makes PPR eradication economically feasible [ 12 , 14 ].…”